Gold Nanoparticle in the Application of
Forensic Fingermark Development: A Short Review by Revathi Rajan* in Forensic
Science & Addiction Research_ International Journal of Forensic Sciences
Abstract
The lack of fundamental
understanding about the specific reaction behind the attraction of gold
nanoparticle to fingermark residue has been reiterated many times over the
years. Numerous scientific works has discussed the theoretical possibilities of
interaction pathways, mostly favoring electrostatic interaction between
negatively charged citrate capped gold nanoparticle and n-terminus of the amino
acid in fingermark residue. Nevertheless, in light of recent findings,
formation of chemical bonding between the gold nanoparticle and fingermark
residue offers plausible explanation.
Introduction
The development of
fingermarks using gold nanoparticle (GNPs) was first introduced by Saunders in
1989 [1]. The technique involved two major phases, depositing the citrate
capped GNP on the fingermark residue and followed the enhancing step using
silver physical developer [1]. Postulation have been made regarding the
reaction mechanism by which the citrate capped GNPs are attracted to the
fingermark residues. The most popular theory was of electrostatic attraction
between the negatively charged citrate ions and the positively charged
N-terminus of amino acids present in the fingermark residue [2]. The GNPs, in
turn, serve as the nucleation site for the growth of the silver physical
developer giving clearer ridge details [3]. This technique was termed multi metal
deposition technique because two distinct metals were utilised in the course of
the fingermark development [4].
This technique presented
several technical drawbacks though. The major limitation of the method includes
the stringent reagent synthesis protocol1, requires specially trained personnel
and also very narrow margin for error during development process which can
drastically change the outcome [5,6]. Since the outcome of this method
fluctuates even in carefully controlled laboratory conditions, application in
the field becomes out of the question [7]. The limitation of this method and
the researches that have been done to counteract the disadvantages are
discussed in this paper.
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