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The Oxford Dictionary defines ‘Crime’ as ‘an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’. The criminal proceedings that take place can broadly be classified into 3 basic phases-Investigation, Inquiry and Trial. Crime Scene Investigation and thereby Reconstruction in its turn particularly involves 3 basic phases. They are
a. Defining the crime scene
b. Processing the crime scene
c. Information collection from and about the crime scene
Blood was legally procured from Kolkata Municipal Pig Slaughter House, Tangra Kolkata, India. Given that fresh blood coagulates over time, 1100IU of Heparin Injection was added to fresh pig blood to preserve the colloidal consistency of blood. It might be interesting to mention that adding anticoagulant does not alter the viscosity and specificity of the Non-Newtonian fluid, blood. The research work is particularly aimed at improving the process of crime scene investigation and hence reconstruction. The University of Calcutta along with Kolkata Police and PG Hospital has been doing jointly the work for crime scene investigation and reconstruction.
A reference database of bloodstain drip pattern on different types of fabric (i.e. fabrics made from natural fiber, man-made fiber, fabrics used for industrial purposes), is created. A bloodstain pattern is defined as ‘a grouping or distribution of bloodstains that indicate through regular or repetitive form, order, or arrangement the manner in which the pattern was deposited’. Based on the different case studies analysis we are of the view that of the different types of bloodstain patterns, the most common stain patterns visible at the crime scene, particularly in the case where the victim was found to suffer blunt force injuries, are saturation, impact, cast off and transfer stain patterns. A statistical analysis highlighting if there is a statistically significant difference in the stain patterns cast when the dosage of anticoagulant is varied shall be carried out Weapon transfer stains in a crime scene are often difficult to interpret. Given the large number of hammer hit events that take place each year, this work is largely aimed at analyzing the different factors that influence and distort regular hammer transfer stains. Different physical mechanisms under identical conditions influence the formation of distinct transfer stain patterns. This is the basic highlight of this study.
Many image processing techniques have been developed over the past two decades to help forensic scientist in detection of footprint image boundary. Most studies conducted have proven that measurement of parameters may help detection of crime scenario. Computer-aided recognition systems for footprint analysis have been the focus of several research endeavours and it based on the idea of processing and analysing Footprint images for a quick and accurate recognition. Footwear impressions are among the most commonly found evidence at crime scenes and present more frequently than finger prints. Identification is based on the physical match of random individual characteristics of the shoe has acquired during its life. The basic experiments on different materials pattern analysis Locard’s exchange principle states that “every time an individual makes contact with another person, place or thing, it results in an exchange of physical materials” [1]. The study of evidence at a crime scene is particularly based on this principle. Bloodstain pattern analysis is defined as ‘the scientific study of the static consequences resulting from dynamic blood shedding events’ [2].
The detailed study of bloodstain patterns obtained from a crime scene could prove to be invaluable evidence for part/full crime scene reconstruction, in testing the credibility of the statements of the victim, suspect, bystander/eyewitness (if any). As per the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA), a bloodstain pattern is defined as ‘a grouping or distribution of bloodstains that indicate through regular or repetitive form, order, or arrangement the manner in which the pattern was deposited’ [3]. Based on the different case studies presented at the IABPA conference [4] the authors are of the view that of the different types of bloodstain patterns, the most common stain patterns visible at the crime scene, particularly in the case where the victim was found to suffer blunt force injuries, are saturation, impact, cast off and transfer stain patterns.
In the IABPA Conference held in Tucson, Arizona, 2004, Peter Lamb presented the investigation report of the late night assault of a young man who was intoxicated at the time of attack and could only recollect part of the savagery that he had been subjected to [5]. Due to rain drop that had soaked the garment at the time of the assault it was difficult to examine the bloodstains on the soaked garment. However there was evidence of kicking and stomping. Based on the evidence the case finally proceeded for trial and the accused was proved guilty and hence imprisoned [5]. In his review of the Windsor city homicide case Scott Lamont pointed out that barefoot transfer impressions and footwear transfer impressions were found on the floor. Foot morphology confirmed that the prints were left by the suspect who was wearing boots [6].
Once the Crime Scene is broadly defined, the next phase of the Investigation process deals with ‘Processing of the Crime Scene’. At the very onset, the Crime Scene Investigator establishes contact with the Law Enforcement Officer in charge of the crime scene. Also he/she makes a list of other people such as other law enforcement officers, coroner’s personnel, public safety personnel, civilians and newspaper reporters etc. who have or have had access to the crime scene in question. The next step towards processing a crime scene is Securing the scene by use of police line tape or other means in order to prevent unwanted access to the scene by casual passer-by, people with malicious intentions etc. The scene is secured in order to leave all evidence at the crime scene undisturbed by wandering individuals. Once secured, the scene is subjected to initial overall survey by investigating officials. At this point, the officials leave all evidence undisturbed and develop initial theories based on apparent understanding of the crime scene. The officials also mark out potential evidence in the initial walk through phase. The first responders as also enforcement officials take into account the entry /exit points in the scene that require attention. This phase also requires the officials to make a list of equipment and precautions that the officials would need to take in order to document as also search the crime scene.
All our scientific journals are open access and constantly updated to keep the knowledge flowing. Our articles are also met with the highest standards of publishing and go through a peer review before being considered for publishing. Crimson Publishing Group provides Journal publishing services in the diversified academic disciplines such as Science, Technology and Medicine available Online via Open Access ensuring the quality by reputed editors and high quality peer-reviewing. We strive towards betterment of societal conditions benefitting global humanity by advancing innovations in the fields of scientific research. We inspire upcoming researchers and scientists nurturing the essential temper and we are motivated to be significant role players for offering due recognition and rewards for their works.
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Research & Development in Material Science provides an international media for the publication of experimental and theoretical studies related to the load-bearing capacity of materials as influenced by their basic properties, processing history, microstructure and operating environment. RDMS is a relatively new scientific field which involves studying materials through the materials paradigm (synthesis, structure, properties and performance). It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry and is at the forefront of nanoscience and nanotechnology research. RDMS focuses on scientific and/or engineering factors affecting the relationships of materials, particularly appropriate for research and development in material science. RDMS is primarily interested in those contributions which bring new insights. Papers will be selected on the basis of the importance of the new knowledge they provide. The main theme of this journal is to spread the advanced research technologies in Materials Science and Engineering. RDMS journal cordially accepts all research papers, review articles, short communications, mini- reviews, opinions, letter to editors etc.
Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences is a multidisciplinary study of research and information on the applications of Science and Engineering to medicine. This journal aims to associate both clinicians abreast and engineers latest innovations of technology to health care. This journal provides a forum for the publication of the latest inventions in the field of Medicine and engineering to reflect the essential multidisciplinary nature of the Medical & Engineering Sciences. Our Journal focus mainly encompasses the applications of the basic principles of Science and engineering to the development of medical devices and technology, with the ultimate aim of producing improvements in the quality of health care. It is a broad perspective on engineering and technology in the medical setting, including an understanding of the physiological processes, disability and underlying disease. This journal publishes Original Research papers, in-depth critical reviews, scientific papers and technical notes.
The APDV journal is a worldwide contributor to various research topics of veterinary science and its related subjects. It provides regular book reviews and a short communications section. This journal primarily includes topical reviews and commentaries on the features of dairy and veterinary fields. The APDV journal is the leading source for international reports on animal health programs and preventive veterinary medicine. This journal mainly focuses on the epidemiology of domestic and wild animals, costs of epidemic and endemic diseases in animals, the latest methods in veterinary epidemiology, disease control or relationships between veterinary medicine and animal production, and development of new techniques in diagnosing, recording, evaluating and controlling diseases in animal populations.
Environmental analysis and Ecology studies focuses on the emerging field of Environmental Ecology: the study of broad, consistent patterns in the ecological characteristics of organisms and ecosystems. EAES journal emphasizes on general ecological hypotheses, explored and tested using data of broad geographic, taxonomic, or temporal scope. A variety of approaches are represented; empirical studies documenting ecological and geographic patterns, theoretical studies as well as methodological studies of the tools used to study these problems. EAES publishes original papers concerned with environmental ecology concerning studies of plant communities, populations or individual species are accepted, as well as studies of the interactions between fungi or bacteria, plants and animals. This journal aims to bring important work using any ecological approach (including molecular techniques) to a wide international audience and publishes papers with strong and ecological potency that advances our understanding of ecological principles.
Orthopedic Research Online Journal is an international peer review journal, which aims at promoting the exchange and propagation of knowledge on problems related to orthopedics and their disorders. OPROJ accepts original research paperson clinical, medical or laboratory research related to Orthopaedics, Arthroscopy, Pediatric Orthopedics, Osteoarthropathy, Orthopedic Trauma, Osteoporosis and other related fields. We endeavor to improve the diagnostic, clinical, therapeutic and preventive skills and to guide clinical practice in the field of orthopedics. Our offer is encourage authors to share their ideas, research work, case studies, reviews, letters to editors and other type of articles on the latest updated technologies in orthopedics, which have overtaken the scientific world through this platform. All the articles will go through review process before getting published in our journal.
COJ Nursing & Healthcare is an open access journal, mainly publishing high quality original research and reviews, opinion, midwifery and health professional education. It also provides a forum for the publication of original papers of the highest standard that report research findings and research-based reviews and analysis of interest to an international readership of nurses, midwives, educators, administrators and researchers in all areas of nursing and health care sciences. It aims to contribute to the advancement of the science and practice of nursing and interrelated disciplines worldwide by the international dissemination of sound information based on rigorous methods of research. COJNH addresses the practice, research, and policy roles of nurses with baccalaureate and graduate degrees, the education and management concerns of the universities in which they are educated and the settings in which they practice. COJNH not only publishes original papers but also encourages thought-provoking articles representing research by some of the world’s leading nursing researchers.
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine is a practical review of current research and current practice in sports medicine and exercise physiology. Sports Medicine bridges the gap between science and practice by promoting exercise, health, scientific assessment, study and understanding of sports performance. RISM mainly focuses on sports injury prevention and treatment, exercise for health, drugs in sport and recommendations for training and nutrition. RISM Journal harnesses the tremendous scientific and clinical resources of sports medicine to develop articles reviewing recent and important advances in the field that have clinical relevance. The journal’s goal is to translate the latest research and advances in the field into information physicians can use in caring for their patients. RISM Journal cordially accepts all original research papers, review articles, short communications, mini- reviews, opinions, letter to editors, commentary, etc.
Forensic Science & Addiction Research, a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing with premium quality articles that aims to showcase advanced research in the field of forensic science, addiction research and other related areas. FSAR features original reviews, training and educational articles, special commentary and especially research articles that are meaningful to the treatment of alcohol, heroin, marijuana, and other drugs of dependence and includes forensic pathology, biochemistry, toxicology, biology (including the identification of hairs and serology, odontology, psychiatry, anthropology. The journal mainly focuses on recent advancements in forensic science and addiction research and welcomes researchers to publish their research work in our journal. FSAR’s main motto is to promote high quality research in the field of addiction worldwide through its publishing and other activities. It also to provides information about forensic science and addiction to readers. FSAR welcomes all types of articles like research, reviews, case reports, mini reviews, short communication, opinions etc.
Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology (TTEFT) is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal that aims to bring out the most reliable and complete source of information on the innovations and current developments in the textile industry. The journals scope mainly includes findings from the textile raw materials, their processing to production of all kinds of textile fabric and yarns from textile fibers. TTEFT strongly desires to endow readers with information on recent advancements in fashion technology all over the globe. TTEFT will encourage interdisciplinary research which will share newly developed technology, theory and techniques in the fashion and textile industries in the field of fashion technology. This includes research in pattern cravings, fashion designing, apparel production, and manufacturing of technology and in textile engineering deals with all activities and methods which are involved in the process of textile manufacturing. TTEFT aims to publish information on innovations in textile processing and fashion technology in the form of manuscripts. TTEFT cordially accepts all original research papers, review articles, short communications, mini-reviews, opinions, letters to editors, commentary, etc.
Gerontology & Geriatrics studies is a multidisciplinary journal for the publication of work from all areas of bio gerontology, with an emphasis on studies focused at the systems level of investigation, such as whole organisms, immune, endocrine and cellular systems, as well as whole population studies. GGS welcomes researchers to publish their research work and wide variety of reviews, case reports, mini reviews, short communication, opinions etc. GGS publishes articles on the biological aspects of aging which covers biochemistry, biodemography, comparative and evolutionary biology, endocrinology, cellular and molecular biology, exercise sciences, genetics, immunology, morphology, neuroscience, nutrition, pathology, physiology and biological underpinnings of late life diseases. Basic aspects of regeneration in diverse investigatory biological systems as well as in the context of medical applications, which dealt with a special section that also contains information on technological advances for the elderly. GGS publishes international forum for the information that has clear and immediate applicability to health, care, and quality of life of the aged.
Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine is an multidisciplinary journal which publishes original peer reviewed articles that complement or replace conventional therapies, with a specific emphasis on research that explores the biological mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, etc. ACAM authors to send papers that make substantial and scholarly contributions to the area of complementary medicine research. ACAM highlights scientific understanding of traditional medicine therapies, complementary & alternative medicine and their responsible integration with conventional health care. ACAM helps to spread innovative and expert findings in the fields of phytopharmacology and phytotoxicology as a reference source for researchers in these fields, with the aim to set international standards in their methodology. ACAM journal comprises of research results on phytotherapy (clinical trials), pharmacognosy, phytopharmacology, phytotoxicology and the standardization that has been obtained.
Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy strives hard to create a platform for students, scientists, academics, engineers all over the world to share, promote and discuss various topics, inventions and developments in different aspects of agriculture. The major aspect of the journal is to spread newfangled knowledge on agriculture and its development,by publishing high quality articles. The journal accepts the submission of original scientific papers, review articles, short communications and case studies. The journal welcomes all original trans-disciplinary and interdisciplinary papers along with reports focused on disciplinary studies that settle with the principles of agriculture. We also welcome authors to submit papers which take a critical approach on one or more aspects of agriculture, which include scientific papers, reviews, and overviews of agricultural findings.
Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science (NTNF) is an international, double blind peer-reviewed journal offering accessible and comprehensive knowledge of food and beverage along with nutritional research, clinical nutrition, animal nutrition and the basic science of nutrition. The nutritional information is gathered by performing well-controlled clinical studies that describe scientific mechanisms, efficacy and safety of dietary interventions in the context of disease prevention or a health benefit. The Journal recognizes the multidisciplinary nature of nutritional science and includes material from all of the specialties involved in nutrition research, including microbiology and cell biology and the emerging area of nutritional genomics and interactions between nutrients and non-nutrient food components on cells, organs, and body functions. Nutrition Journal aims to encourage scientists and physicians of all fields to publish results that challenge current models, lifestyle or dogmas. The journal welcomes various content like, research papers, review articles, mini reviews, opinions, short communications, conceptual papers etc., for the recent, ongoing and future research.
Modern Research in Dentistry is an international, open access journal that publishes original papers, reviews, clinical studies, editorials, in all fields of dentistry, which include periodontal diseases, oral pathology, dental implants, oral and maxillofacial surgery.Studies that bring new techniques and knowledge on advanced health of individual or public health, also including the interactions between oral health and ill-health. The journal is committed to promoting the switch over and discussions of all the research areas that are relevant to dentistry in the form of invited reviews or systematic literature, prospective and clinical studies. MRD is a platform where researchers can access the content online due to our open access policy from any corner of the world without any charges. MRD publishes research work that is related to dentistry and which aids researchers to follow the current trend in dentistry.
Archaeology & anthropology is an international open access journal and forum for the publication of peer-reviewed original articles that synthesize the prehistory of an area of a time-horizon within a larger region, or describe technical advances of wide and general applications. AAOA provides in-depth, thoughtful development of data and concepts that are accessible to all archaeologists. The journal primarily focuses on prehistory, including the beginnings and early development of complex societies. AAOA is dedicated to publishing papers on humankind, encompassing the full range of anthropological consequences on human cultures and on other primate species. AAOA presents the results of research that include methodological and theoretical interface between archaeology and the anthropology. AAOA includes works that focus on understanding archaeological sites, their environmental context and particularly site formation processes about the analysis of sedimentary records that enhance our understanding of human activity in quaternary environments within its scope.
