The Role of Major Hormones in Metabolic Adaptation of Farm Animals_ Crimson Publishers

 The Role of Major Hormones in Metabolic Adaptation of Farm Animals by Tewodros Alemneh* in Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences_ Dairy and Veterinary Sciences journal

Abstract
Animals possess various inherent mechanisms to cope up with the changing environmental conditions. It has been observed that the ability of animals to adjust with these climatic extremes is related to their level of adaptation and this is inversely correlated with their production potential. Stress tolerance in livestock is determined through various mechanisms and metabolic neuroendocrine regulation is one of the crucial pathways by which the animal survives the stressful condition. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis plays a significant role in the release of several neurotransmitters and hormones which regulates the thermoregulatory mechanisms in animals. The Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) are the components of metabolic pathway in regulating body heat production. Thyroid hormones are recognized as the key regulators of metabolic activity in domestic animals. Further, leptin secreted from adipocytes also has a great influence in regulating whole body energy metabolism and may be attributed as a “metabolism modifier”. The release of cortisol stimulates physiological and metabolic responses necessary to optimize the animal capacity to overcome a stressful factor by increasing the energy availability by decrease of cortisol levels. Generally, thyroid hormones, cortisol and leptin are considered to be important biological markers of neuroendocrine pathways for the regulation of metabolic adaptation mechanisms during stress in livestock

Introduction
Climate change has emerged as the major threat to the world economy. It has turned up to be the global phenomenon threatening the survival of many ecosystems worldwide. The increased concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere causes the greenhouse effect, resulting in climate change. Heat waves will occur more habitually and last longer that leads to extreme precipitation and fluctuating weather conditions in many regions of the world [1]. Increased frequency of life-threatening events like cyclones, droughts, floods, tsunami, and wildfires are expected to happen in the changing climate scenario. Among the agricultural sector, crops and livestock are particularly vulnerable to the devastating effects of climate change ultimately deteriorating the agricultural production [2]. A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism and an event that triggers the stress response. Temperature is one of the most important influences on the immune system of animals and Procedural stressors are handling, shipping and disease treatments

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