Analysis and Identification of
two Soaps by Infrared Absorption Spectra and Reflectance Graphs by Chryssou K*
in Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences_ Annals of Chemical Science Research
Abstract
Two
soap bars one green and another white green were analyzed, and their total
fatty matter content, unsaponifiable, un-saponified and un-saponified
saponifiable matter content, ethanol-insoluble matter, and free caustic alkali
content were determined. The infrared spectra of total lipids, unsaponifiable
fats, and insoluble matter in ethanol, were recorded for the two soaps. The
Kubelka-Munk K/S values were calculated using the expression depended on
reflectivity R͚ of the observed soap’s surface, as well as the CIE L*a*b*
values for both soaps.
Introduction
Chemically
soap is a mixture of the sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids
produced by hydrolysis (saponification) of fat with alkali. Wood ash was used
before as a source of alkali, when NaOH became commercially available. Crude
soap curd contains glycerol and excess alkali as well as soap, and purification
is affected by boiling with a large amount of water and adding NaCl to
precipitate the pure sodium carboxylate salts. The smooth soap that
precipitates is dried, perfumed and pressed into bars for household use. Soaps
act as cleansers because the two ends of a soap molecule are so different. The
sodium salt end of the long-chain molecule is ionic and therefore hydrophilic;
it tries to dissolve in water. The long hydrocarbon chain portion of the
molecule however is nonpolar and lipophilic; it tries to dissolve in grease.
The net effect of these two opposing tendencies is that soaps are attracted to
both grease and water and are therefore valuable as cleansers.
When the soap is dispersed in water the long hydrocarbon tails cluster together in a lipophilic ball, while the ionic heads on the surface of the cluster stick out into the water layer. These spherical clusters are called micelles. Grease and oil droplets are solubilized in water when they are coated by the nonpolar tails of the soap molecules in the center of micelles. Once solubilized the grease and dirt can be rinsed away. In this work the two soaps were analyzed and characterized as finished products. The green and white-green soaps are generally considered as anionic surface-active agents
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