tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83989159972668082992024-03-25T00:19:17.891-07:00Crimson Publishers BloggerCrimson Publishers is an Open-access academic publisher has a vision to establish Open Science platform that seeks to provide equal opportunity for all, share and create knowledge, and enables the scholarly world to engage in a dialogue with the science in a more effective manner. Our efficient and transparent ways of peer-review procedures provide impact metrics for articles and researchers. crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.comBlogger760125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-35374085636458135972022-08-29T05:22:00.004-07:002022-08-29T05:22:35.019-07:00 A Close Look at the Application of the Yin-Yang- Based Acupoint Pairs_Crimson Publishers<p>A Close Look at the Application of the Yin-Yang-
Based Acupoint Pairs by Tong Zheng Hong in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability_<a class="attribute-value">Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPj7ExL6vti0NPRdLH5M_FUg768UCuLUsVgqBHmEqBGa_Q_UhUtFI-eTPjh9KerXjO-BfekPsDhoIafx17aQvr30Wk4PvZxvqtzhZyXDgOQ3Jg4pYKwqHD9qWsWAD1RgV5TY_tXZc_KelfIf6HSOFXDYbAf3EZCROKOBK5ngYLP4occVpkMFKwcUc24Q/s229/Advancements%20in%20Bioequivalence%20&%20Bioavailability.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPj7ExL6vti0NPRdLH5M_FUg768UCuLUsVgqBHmEqBGa_Q_UhUtFI-eTPjh9KerXjO-BfekPsDhoIafx17aQvr30Wk4PvZxvqtzhZyXDgOQ3Jg4pYKwqHD9qWsWAD1RgV5TY_tXZc_KelfIf6HSOFXDYbAf3EZCROKOBK5ngYLP4occVpkMFKwcUc24Q/s1600/Advancements%20in%20Bioequivalence%20&%20Bioavailability.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Yi-Yang is the unique concept that serves as the foundations for the developments of acupuncture and
traditional Chinese medicine theories, such as the Five Elements, and Qi and Blood. Aimed at the balance
of Yin-Yang, acupoint pairs consisting of acupoints on the <a href="Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal">Yin-Yang meridians</a>, the locations classified Yin
or Yang, and the Five-Shu acupoints are presented and discussed. However, it deserves more research to
understand whether or not acupoint pairs can outperform the other protocols.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> Yin-yang; <a href="Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal">Five elements theory</a>; <a href="Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal">Five-shu acupoints</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The safety and effectiveness of acupuncture have been verified with scientific evidence
and acupuncture is highly recommended by the WHO for the pain management, which has
been recognized in the Western healthcare systems, though it is at present viewed and
classified as the complementary or alternative medicine [1]. Acupuncture, as part of the
traditional Chinese medicine (<a href="Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal">TCM</a>), has not only been viewed as one of the major healthcare
systems in the Chinese communities, such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, for more than
two thousand years, but also has gained acceptance and popular in the Asian countries at the
present time in Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Thailand [1].</p><p>The philosophical and abstract concepts like Yin-Yang, the Five Elements theory, Qi, Blood,
<a href="Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal">Wei-Qi-Yin-Blood sequence</a>, and pattern identification based on the observation of the nature
have been used as the foundations to establish the whole systems of acupuncture and the
TCM, even though they are difficult to understand for clinical practice. The ancient literature
of acupoint pairs developed by the acupuncture masters represents the clinical application of
Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theory, which highlights the essence of acupuncture theories.
This study aims to explore some acupoint pairs for understanding the application of the rules
of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theory in the acupuncture and TCM theories.</p><h3><b>Typical examples</b></h3><p>Yin-Yang and the Five Elements are unique and the keys of the TCM theories for many
centuries, which absolutely distinguishes the TCM from the Western medicine. Based on the
concept of Yin-Yang, a disease is understood to be the imbalance of Yin and Yang which bears
the characteristics shown in Figure 1 [2,3].</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong>Characteristics of Yin-Yang.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/images/ABB.000544.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/images/ABB.000544.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>It is believed and required that an experienced acupuncturist
must count on the four skills to get the information for identifying
Patterns based on Ying-Yang balance for diagnosis, which is critical
to the successful treatment outcomes. The typical acupoint pair in
the acupuncture literature showing the application of Ying-Yang is
the Four Gates that consists of LV3 and LI4 in Table 1.</p><p><strong>Table 1:</strong>Yin and Yang of the four gates.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T001.png" title="Click here to view Large table 1" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>As shown in Table 1, either of the acupoints in this pair has
the characteristic of Yin or Yang. It shows in the literature that
this acupoint pair has been for long commonly used to promote
the circulation of Qi (Yang) and to hold Blood (Yin) throughout the
body. On the other hand, it is proved to be effective for treating subhealth
[4], verifying the effectiveness of Yin-Yang balance. Both LV3
and LI4 are the Yuan-source acupoints classified in the Five-shu
acupoints, to which the quotation “Treating the Zang organ with
Yuan-source acupoint” in the Huang-Di-Nei-Jing (Yellow Emperor’s
Inner Classic) can apply. It deserves attention that the Five Elements
can only apply to the Five-shu acupoints among the acupoints on
the twelve regular meridians, the Four command acupoints, the Hui
meeting acupoints, and the Four Seas acupoints.
The Five Shu acupoint system represents the clinical application
of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theory. Each of the five specific
acupoints is categorized as Jing-well, Ying-spring, Shu-stream,
Jing-river, and He-sea, to which the Five Elements correspond. It is
noted that the five Zang organs have five Shu acupoints and the six
Fu organs have six Shu acupoints of the twelve regular meridians. A
Shu acupoint on either the Yin meridian or the Yang meridian can
collaborate with a Shu acupoint on the either the Yin meridian or
the Yang meridian, which is the typical representation of Yin-Yang
as in Table 2.</p><p><strong>Table 2:</strong>A Shu acupoint on Yin meridian combines with a Shu acupoint on Yang meridian.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T002.png" title="Click here to view Large table 2" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>In order to treat cough through clearing Heat in the Lung, both
LU11 and LI1 are Well acupoints used at the same time. In this pair,
LU11 classified as Yin acts to clear Heat to benefit the throat, while
LI1 is used to reduce swelling and alleviate pain caused by Heat.
The most critical notion that “Feng (Wind), the beginner of the
illness” is also presented in Huang-Di-Nei-Jing, which suggests that
Wind is the major cause of illnesses with its pernicious influence.
Blood mobilization and Qi regulation need to be considered at a
time because Blood stasis and impeded Qi can result in Blood Xu
(deficiency of Blood) that can finally generate Wind.</p><p>The pair for Heart Blood deficiency consisting of LV3 and
ST36 in Table 3 also represents the application of Yin-Yang. Blood
classified as Yin is produced with the stimulation at ST36 while
Yin is reinforced by the promotion of Qi belonging to Yang in
this pair [4]. Different from the pair in Table 2, Yin and Yang are
distinguished with the acupoint locations. ST36 is located on the
leg, which is viewed as Yang, and one fingerbreadth lateral to the
anterior crest of the tibia. Contrast to ST36, LV3 is classified as Yin
because it is on the dorsum of the foot and in the hollow distal to
the junction of the first and second metatarsal bones.</p><p><strong>Table 3:</strong>Features of LV3 and ST36.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/table/ABB.000544.T003.png" title="Click here to view Large table 3" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Acupoint pairs are collected in the Zhen-Jiu-Da-Cheng (The
Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) which
provides the comprehensive understanding of acupuncture. Yin-
Yang is the top principle in the TCM and acupuncture, which serves
as the foundations of the Five Elements theory. In addition, both
Yin-Yang and the Five Elements are the cores of the acupuncture
and the TCM theories and seen as the guides for the diagnosis and
the treatment. It is suggested that the understanding and accurate
interpretation of the acupuncture and TCM theories are required
for the best clinical outcomes [5].</p><p>Through the examples discussed above, it is clear that acupoint
pairs can consist of either meridians or acupoints classified as Yin
or Yang. However, it should be noted with the pair presented in
Table 3 in clinical practice that the relationship between Yin and
Yang is unfixed. On the other hand, the pair in Table 3 distinguishes
itself from the general characteristics of Yin-Yang in Figure with
the locations of the two acupoints and highlights the unfixed
characteristic of Yin-Yang. Blood classified as Yin can nourish Qi
while Qi can move Blood. The concept that Blood is the mother
of Qi and Qi is the commander of Blood indicates that one is
inconceivable without the other because the circulation of Qi and
Blood in the body should be constant and cannot be disrupted [6].</p><p>Furthermore, the examples presented above show Blood and Qi are
vital and each acupoint pair is aimed to balance Qi and Blood.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>In spite of the ancient usage as a therapeutic method to treat
illnesses and acupuncture has been proved in some scientific
research to be effective for pain relief, inflammatory conditions,
etc., acupuncture is facing the evidence-based challenge at the
present time. Acupoint pairs may be the optimal approach in terms
of cost and time in clinical practice to balance Ying-Yang. However,
whether or not there could be more effective options based on the
Yin-Yang theory for the better outcomes deserves more evidencebased
research.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Discussion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong TZ (2018) Challenges in learning and understanding traditional
Chinese medicine and acupuncture. Open Acc J Comp & Alt Med 1(1).</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong TZ (2018) Reminders for clinical application of extra acupoints.
Curr Trends Biomedical Eng & Biosci 16(3): 555939.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong TZ (2018) Notes for clinical use of extra acupoints. J Complement
Med Alt Healthcare 8(1): 555728.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong, TZ (2017) Principles of protocol to treat heart blood deficiency. J
Complement Med Alt Healthcare 4(4): 555644.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong TZ (2018) Cautions for learning traditional chinese medicine and
acupuncture. Advancements Bioequiv Availab 2(2).</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">Hong TZ (2018) A Review for integrating western and chinese medicines
in primary dysmenorrhea. Advancements Bioequiv Availab 2(1).</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000544.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Bioequivalence And Bioavailability International Journal</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: </span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-53285043650814261602022-08-26T05:10:00.001-07:002022-08-26T05:10:05.640-07:00Providing Fair Payment for Prescription Medications in the United States_Crimson Publishers<p>Providing Fair Payment for Prescription
Medications in the United States by Michael
M Costello in Examines in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Open Access_<a class="attribute-value">physical rehabilitation medicine journal</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4OEgnjguEL-FHlcjpopIEpmkpZJ7fDH63Nylt5tp2YG6VEetILs7Ab8VCbCdhV29dRMrnANeib-T1kCsCaUjYswCS-fLpsoPTVjNeuAYTcOqCb6l21lcAczQW3yaVTleZhiJnqRqp0edh5iKWnJcLboZotOBzR1i3YHMLwMJ3BXGkqVkPo90bLyrghw/s1333/Examines%20in%20Physical%20Medicine%20and%20Rehabilitation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4OEgnjguEL-FHlcjpopIEpmkpZJ7fDH63Nylt5tp2YG6VEetILs7Ab8VCbCdhV29dRMrnANeib-T1kCsCaUjYswCS-fLpsoPTVjNeuAYTcOqCb6l21lcAczQW3yaVTleZhiJnqRqp0edh5iKWnJcLboZotOBzR1i3YHMLwMJ3BXGkqVkPo90bLyrghw/s320/Examines%20in%20Physical%20Medicine%20and%20Rehabilitation.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Opinion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>With US health care costs now approaching $3 trillion per year, strenuous efforts to
restrain cost growth continue to focus the efforts of policymakers at the federal and state
levels. With <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">pharmaceuticals</a> contributing about 20% of total domestic health expenditures,
pharmaceuticals are a natural target of cost control efforts. A primary means of attempting to
control pharmaceutical costs in the use of Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), intermediary
firms which function as go-betweens in the payer-provider relationship. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">Medicare</a>, most state
Medicaid programs, and many private managed care organizations use PBMs to manage
pharmaceutical use for their beneficiaries.</p><p>However, a recent review of regulatory efforts combined with the complaints of many
retail community pharmacies raises questions as to whether <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">PBM</a>s always act in the
best interest of patients, and whether their benefit management practices are harming
independent community retail pharmacies. Arnold [1] indicates that PBMs generate their
revenues from three primary sources: fees generated from the supply chain, rebates provided
by manufacturers and “spreads,” the difference between what the insurer pays the PBM and
what the PBM pays the pharmacy which dispenses the medication.</p><p>A noted lack of transparency in PBM operations arises from two of those revenues
streams. Critics have argued that payers are not benefitting fully from the rebates which PBMs
receive from pharmaceutical manufacturers. In addition, pharmacies argue that PBMs are not
adequately reimbursing them and are retaining an undue share of the revenues derived from
the payers. The market dynamic of PBMs is further complicated by the fact that three large
PBMs control 76% of the market of PBM services, and each of the three is owned by a major
health insurance company which stands to benefit financially from decisions made by its
affiliated PBM Morgan [2].</p><p>Smaller independent retail pharmacies complain that they do not have the ability to
negotiate favorable acquisition costs and that PBMs reimburse them at less than their
acquisition costs for certain prescriptions and charge the pharmacies back for certain patient
management discrepancies. Such practices put the pharmacies in a tenuous financial position,
leading some to believe they may close. Several large regional grocery store chains that
maintained pharmacy counters in their stores are closing or selling those services <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">Terlep</a> [3].</p><p>These concerns have been brought to the attention of the US Senate Finance Committee
which has written to the US Department of Health and Human Services requesting that it
reform the Direct and Indirect Remuneration System by which PBMs remit funds to Medicare
Morgan [4]. State legislators are expected to address PBM issues, including rebates to state
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">Medicaid</a> programs and private health insurance companies.</p><p>Some suggested areas for consideration in reforming PBM practices are:</p><p><b>Require that all pharmaceutical company rebates be
paid to the insurance carrier</b></p><p>Medicare currently requires that all manufacturer rebates be
paid back to the program in order to help reduce Part D prescription
drug benefits. Such a requirement should be put in place for all
payers using PBMs.</p><p><b>Devise a standardized administrative fee protocol</b></p><p>Rather than tying administrative fees together with
manufacturer rebates as the Medicare DIR mechanism does,
separate the two so as to clarify fees from rebates. Fees can then be
regulated as a percentage of rebate payments.</p><p><b>Regulate the “spread” between PBM payments to
pharmacies for prescriptions and the acquisition costs
which the pharmacies incur</b></p><p>Smaller independent retail pharmacies should not be penalized
for the acquisition costs they pay. They should be assured of a fair
reimbursement tied to their acquisition costs.</p><p><b>Investigate PBM-insurer relationships for anticompetitive
practices</b></p><p>Since the three largest PBMs are owned by large national
insurance companies, they have the ability to favor their insurance
companies to the detriment of the pharmacies with which they
deal. Concerns lie not only with reimbursement rates paid to
pharmacies but with the control PBMs exert over provider network
configuration.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Opinion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li>Arnold J (2018) Are pharmacy benefit managers the good guys or bad guys of drug pricing.</li>
<li>Morgan BT (2020) What’s the cost. The Scranton Sunday Times. p. A14.</li>
<li>Telep S, Kang J (2020) Groceries exit from pharmacy business. Wall Street Journal. p. B1.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.citizensvoice.com/news/independent-pharmacies-stuck-in-a-difficult-spot-1.2587515">Morgan BT (2020) Independent pharmacies stuck in a difficult spot. The Scranton Sunday Times. p. A13.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/fulltext/EPMR.000551.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/fulltext/EPMR.000551.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>physical rehabilitation medicine journal</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/epmr/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-55453698865183294782022-08-23T05:31:00.003-07:002022-08-23T05:31:34.715-07:00Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Exacerbated Natural Aging Cardiac Hypertrophy_Crimson Publishers<p>Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Exacerbated
Natural Aging Cardiac Hypertrophy by Jia-Ping Wu in Open Journal of Cardiology & Heart Diseases_<a class="attribute-value">American Journal of Cardiology</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Xn4JAK2OViPF44IjHhC17QhHiL7bJxuQcczuOGoXi5E4QNzKUjch9bCQwnwXiNI6DxarvVeaAQwDy6NBcTlwARnktPn4DxC1SR9WHUYTWbBF4JHlUkjXUbw7MR4rCXV2pIXm2wh4fW7VMOIRujIsOBmiVYnL916TjY0FqHl_dl538OSOzY4DbQID8w/s471/Open%20Journal%20of%20Cardiology%20&%20Heart%20Diseases.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="471" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Xn4JAK2OViPF44IjHhC17QhHiL7bJxuQcczuOGoXi5E4QNzKUjch9bCQwnwXiNI6DxarvVeaAQwDy6NBcTlwARnktPn4DxC1SR9WHUYTWbBF4JHlUkjXUbw7MR4rCXV2pIXm2wh4fW7VMOIRujIsOBmiVYnL916TjY0FqHl_dl538OSOzY4DbQID8w/s320/Open%20Journal%20of%20Cardiology%20&%20Heart%20Diseases.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Secondhand Smoke</a> (SHS) exposure is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
This study’s aim was to investigate the relationship of SHS exposure in old rats’ left ventricle impaired
and fibrosis. To explore the mechanism of cardiac remodeling of exposure to SHS exposure whether it
was exacerbated cardiac impaired, especially in the older left ventricle. The animals were placed in a
transparent exposure chamber, connected to smoking device and exposed to 15 cigarettes, smoke for
30 min, twice a day, 6 days/week, for 1 month. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Histopathologic</a> of left ventricular sections were stained
with hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Left Ventricular</a> (LV) morphological
variables assessed using H&E stained and Mass weight changes. The cardiac structures were measured
by echocardiographic analysis.</p>
<p>LV remodeling and fibrosis-related proteins were detected by gelatin zymography and western blotting
analysis. Inflammatory and hypertrophy related proteins were also detected. Results showed in old
rats’ group and old rats in the secondhand smoke exposure group (Old SHS Exp) were observed LV
wall and mass increased, collagen accumulation and fibrosis, and extracellular space increased. From
echocardiographic results, we found LV functions were apparently decreased, LV interventricular septum
at systolic and diastolic diameters increased in the Old SHS Exp group. Cardiomyocyte width was increased
in old rats, but the length was increased in Old SHS Exp group. Reduced MMP 2 proteins expression and
TIMPs increased were induced fibrosis in the Old SHS Exp group. JNK1, p38, IL-6, TNFα were increased
by western blotting and immunohistochemistry antibody-positive expression was observed in the Old
SHS Exp group.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> Secondhand smoke exposure; Left ventricle; Cardiac impaired; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Left ventricular hypertrophy</a>;
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Echocardiographic</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">Cardiomyocyte</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a serious health hazard causing the risk of
coronary heart diseases. It causes a wide range of damaging health effects in children and
older. SHS exposure affected on the cardiovascular system, including atherosclerosis, arterial
stiffness and coronary cardiac disease [1]. In the previous studies reported, SHS exposure
is the combination of smoke given off by the burred end of a tobacco or cigarette product
to exposure to environment and the smoke exhaled by the smoker [2]. However, low-level
chronic cigarette smoke exposure harmful older adults are still unclear. In this study, we use
the older rats who underwent 15 cigarette exposure 30 minutes to determined left ventricular
remodeling and function. Hypertrophy is an initial adaptive response. Long-term exposure to
secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing cancer in younger and elderly people [3].<br />
Low levels of fine particulate exposure from secondhand cigarette smoke are sufficient
to induce increase the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. The SHS exposure-response
relationship between cardiovascular disease mortality and fine particulate matter is relatively
steep at low levels of SHS exposure and flattens at higher exposures [4]. There are many
compensatory mechanisms to increase cardiac workload and stimulation of left ventricular
sustains. However, aging is a progressive disease which is a typic natural course whose
worsening of the disease until death occurs. Slowly progressive age-related diseases are also
chronic diseases; many are also degenerative diseases [5].<br />
The aging mature organism that occurs normally the gradual changes in the structure
over time and increases the probability of death. This growing process is unavoidable.</p><p>These physiologic changes of old cardiac include left ventricular
hypertrophy, increased cardiac fibrosis, and valvular degeneration.
Cardiovascular disease is a major risk factor for the aging cause of
death [6]. Aging changes in the elderly heart are associated with
physiological Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH). However, SHS
exposure is associated with pathological LVH [7]. SHS exposure in
the elderly maybe leads to cardiovascular diseases such as heart
failure and atherosclerosis. SHS exposure in the old heart is still
unclear. Heart failure is a related change in cardiac morphology,
including decreased in myocyte number, increased in myocytes
size decreased in matrix connective tissue, increased in left
ventricular wall thickness increased in conduction fiber density
and decreased in sinus node cell number [8-10]. SHS exposure in
the elderly may stimuli first induce a phase of cardiac hypertrophy,
especially in left ventricles individual. Health aging changes may
produce clinical heart disease and may mimic heart diseases, such
as cardiomyopathy, aortic valve calcium and mitral valve annular
calcium [11,12]. Therefore, we detected the molecular mechanisms
behind the aging in SHS exposure treatment to identify pathological
of cardiac disease disorder and elusive.</p><h4>Materials and Methods</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><h3><b>Animals</b></h3><p>We purchased SD rats of 6 weeks years-old age from National
Science Council Animal Center and used according to the guidelines
of the Helsinki Declaration. One group of rats of 6-weeks-old rats
as our young, another group of rats of 18-months-old as our older
age groups. Rats were housed in cages in an environmentally
controlled animal room. Use committee approved animal care and
experiments. Animal room temperature is maintained at 25°C, and
relative humidity was approximately 40%.</p><h3><b>Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure experimental</b>
<p>The elderly SD rats placed in a whole-body transparent
exposure chamber with a volume of approximately 95x85x85cm,
connected to a smoking device. Filtered air is introduced into the
chamber at a low rate. Puffs of SHS exposure were collected in the
smoking chamber, is then thrown into the chamber for 30 minutes.
The smoke is released at a rate of 15 cigarettes, twice a day in the
morning and twice in the afternoon with 30 minutes rest intervals,
until the end of 4 weeks.</p>
</h3><h3><b>Echocardiography</b>
<p>After 4 weeks of exposure treatment, all the rats underwent
echocardiographic study according to the previously described
method. Rats used anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride
(50mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1mg/kg). Transthoracic
echocardiography was performed at 4 weeks after secondhand
smoke (SHS) exposure using a Hewlett-Packard Sonos 5500
ultrasound machine with a 7.5-15 MHz linear-array transducer,
as described previously. In the short-and long- axis parasternal
view, we could obtain a transverse left ventricular one-dimensional
image, the ultrasound beam right below the mitral valve plane
between the papillary muscles by using the 2D image as a guide for
positioning. The M-mode image was recorded and analyzed offline.</p>
</h3><h3><b>Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and massons trichrome (mt)
stained</b></h3><p>Left ventricular cross-sections were cut 10μm thick and placed
on slides. Slides deparaffinization and dehydration were performed.
They were passed through a series of graded alcohols from 100% to
90% to 70%, 5min each. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichome
stained were prepared, incubated for 5min at room temperature.
After rinsing with Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), each slide was
then soaked with 85% alcohol, 100% alcohol for 5min. After rinsing
with water, each slide was then soaked with 85% alcohol, 100%
alcohol for 15 min. Stained sections were then rinsed with PBS and
air-dried before mounting.</p><h3><b>Gelatin zymography</b></h3><p>Proteins were separated by 8% non-reducing SDS-PAGE
copolymerized with 1mg/ml gelatin. The PAGE was washed at
room temperature twice 10 minutes with 2.5% Triton-X 100 and
subsequently incubated overnight at 37℃ for maximum sensitivity
in Zymogram Developing Buffer mixture (50mmol/L Tris-HCl,
pH 7.4 containing 5mmol/L CaCl2 and 1μmol/L ZnCl2). Gels were
stained with Coomassie brilliant blue G250 (Methanol, Acetic acid,
and water mix) and then destained. The amounts of proenzyme and
active metalloproteinase were analyzed by densitometry scanning
of the gel.</p><h3><b>Western blot</b></h3><p>We prepared the tissue extract samples as described above.
SDS-PAGE was carried out with polyacrylamide gels. The samples
were electrophoresed at 100V for 1hr. Electrophoresed proteins
were transferred to PVDF membranes at 150mA for 2hr. We
incubated PVDF membranes in blocking buffer (5% non-fat milk
in PBS-Tween) for 1hr at room temperature. Polyclonal antibodies
against JNK1/2, p38α, IL-6, TNFα, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2,
TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 (Santa Cruz, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.) were diluted
1:200 in antibody buffer (TBS). Incubations were performed at
room temperature for 3.5hr. We washed the immunoblots three
times in 5ml PBS-Tween for 10min and then immersed in the
second antibody solution containing alkaline phosphatase goat
anti-rabbit IgG for 1hr and diluted 1,000-fold in binding buffer.
Color development was presented in ECL chemiluminescence.</p><h4>Ethical Statement</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Animals guidelines for the animal experimental use of Taipei
Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (LAC-
2019-0264) and ARRIVE Guidelines were followed. The Taiwan
Council approved the animal care and experiment. All procedures
followed have been performed in accordance with the ethical
standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its
later amendments.</p><h4>Statistical Analysis</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Quantitation was carried out by scanning and analyzing the
intensity of the hybridization signals using the FUJIFILM Imagine
program for western blot analysis. Statistical analysis of the data
was performed using Sigma Stat software. Results were expressed as mean ±
SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis
of variance. When assessing multiple groups, one-way ANOVA was
utilized with the students t-test was used when indicated.</p><h4>Result</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Histopathologic of a left ventricular cross-sectional analysis
assessed cardiac changes in old rats in cigarette smoke exposure
by H&E stained and masson’s stained. To investigate the effects
of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on cardiac functions and
structural changes were determined in rats model recommended
for gerontological. Heart cross-sections were stained with Massonss
trichrome or hematoxylin/eosin staining for visualization of
morphology and identification of the location. A cross-sectional
analysis assessed left ventricular changes in old rats and old rats
in the SHS exposure group. As shown in Figure 1A. left ventricular
chamber becomes narrowed in old rats in the SHS exposure group
(Old SHS Exp).</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong>Representative histopathological analysis of left ventricular cross-sections with hematoxylin & eosin
(H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining in young, old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure groups (Old SHS
Exp).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Representative by hematoxylin & eosin staining of left ventricular sections in young, old and old SHS Exp
groups<br />
(B) Representative collagen accumulation in the left ventricle by hematoxylin & eosin staining in young, old and
old SHS Exp groups. Scale bars 20μm. The images of left ventricular architectures were magnified 200x. Yellow
arrows express<br />
(C) Representative collagen accumulation in the left ventricle by Masson’s trichrome staining in young, old and
old SHS Exp groups. Scale bars 20μm. The images of left ventricular architectures were magnified 400x. Yellow
arrows express.</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Materials and Methods">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Ethical Statement">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Statistical Analysis">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Result">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>At the same time, SHS exposure resulted in old rats’ left
ventricular papillary muscle deteriorated which led to left
ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular muscle fibers interstitial
and extracellular space was broad. Muscle fibers’ rearrangement is
disordered. In old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group, we
also could observe ECM degradation resulted in collagen release in
cardiomyocytes interstitial (Figure 1B) and collagen accumulation
induced fibrosis. Indeed, from Masson’s trichrome stained results,
we could observe blue color staining in cross-sections (Figure 1C).</p><h3><b>Changes in structures development of heart in old rats
and old rats in SHS exposure group</b></h3><p>Figure 2 presents heart and Left Ventricular (LV) characteristics
in young, old and old rats in the SHS exposure (Old SHS Exp). The
whole heart weights of old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure
were heavier than young rats. Aging and SHS exposure rats were
also enhanced left ventricular weights (*p<0.05 vs. young rats;
#p<0.05 vs. old rats) (Figure 2A). The HW-to-body weight and LVto-
body weight ratios were significantly increased compared with
younger age group. Compared with old rats, the HW-to-body weight
and LV-to-body weight ratios also had significantly increased
(Figure 2B) in Old SHS Exp groups (*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05
vs. old rats). However, body weight is easily caused by the gradual
increase in a consequence of aging. Sometimes affected by alcohol,
smoke or toxic material effects. The use of tibia length has been
evidenced as more reliable than body weight. Because of in which
body weight differences may occur condition errors.</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Left ventricular hypertrophy takes place in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS
Exp).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Quantification of heart weight and left ventricle weight statistical analysis. All data are represented as the
means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats<br />
(B) Quantification of the heart weight to body ratio and the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight statistical
analysis. All data are represented as the means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared
with old rats<br />
(C) Quantification of heart weight to tibial ratio and the ratio of left ventricular weight to tibial statistical analysis.
All data are represented as the means ±SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats<br />
(D) Quantification of percent of area of left ventricle occupied by collage. All data are represented as the means ±
SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats<br />
(E) Quantification of percent (%) left ventricle extramyocyte connective tissue space (area). All data are represented
as the means ±SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats (F). Quantification of
average number of myocytes per 400μm. Values were calculated from myocardial regions. All data are represented
as the means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Furthermore, we detected and measured HW-to-tibial and LVto-
tibial ratios to determine heart or left ventricular hypertrophy in
old rats and to exposed to SHS exposure (Old SHS Exp). The result
showed both of HW-to-tibial and LV-to-tibial ratios were increased
significantly as age increased, although exposure to SHS exposure
(Figure 3C) (*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats). Therefore,
we obtained HW-to-tibial and LV-to-tibial ratios were increased
compared with old rats. To detect whether SHS exposure led left
ventricular fibrosis exacerbated, we independently calculated
the percentage of the per cross-sectional area from hematoxylinstained
sections. Quantification of the percentage of the area of left
ventricle occupied by collagen (%), collagen area was measured
in old rats and old rats in SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp). The
percentage of tissue attributed to collagen distribution increased
more rapidly in old rats in the SHS exposure group than in old or
young rats (*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats) (Figure 3).
To detect whether SHS exposure led left ventricular hypertrophy
exacerbated, we independently calculated the percentage of
monocytes per cross-sectional area from hematoxylin-stained
sections.<br />
Quantification of left ventricular muscle fibers interstitial
width of extracellular space, we found left ventricular muscle
fibers interstitial become broad resulted in the percentage of
extracellular space (%) increased (*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05
vs. old rats) (Figure 3). During old age or exposure to SHS exposure,
left ventricles from old rats and old rats in the SHS Exp group
exhibited fewer percentage per unit area than young rats (*p<0.05
vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats) (Figure 3). But cardiomyocytes
density is increased per unit area than young rats (result does not show
in this article). Indeed, according to tissue architecture using
H&E staining analysis, we determined cell size measurement. We
observed left ventricular cell size increased width in old rats.</p><h3><b>Left ventricular function and structures development of
left ventricle on echocardiographic analysis</b></h3><p>The echocardiographic analysis is a primary imaging method
in the assessment of cardiac impaired and function declined
(Figure 3). Parasternal long-axis and short-axis echocardiographic
views in young, old and old rats in the SHS exposure (Old SHS
Exp) groups showing severe left ventricular hypertrophy. We
found left ventricular wall thickness increased. However, M-mode
echocardiograms result taken proximal to the papillary muscle
deterioration in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group
(Figure 3A). On the other hand, we found left ventricular wall
thickness increases in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure at
systolic and diastolic. Quantification of myocardial hypertrophy for
old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure groups are displayed in
Figure 3B. Echocardiography of interventricular septal in systolic
(IVSs), interventricular septal in diastolic (IVSd), left ventricular
internal dimension at end-systolic (LVIDs), left ventricular internal
dimension at end-diastolic (LVIDd), left ventricular posterior wall
thickness in systolic (LVPWs) and left ventricular posterior wall
thickness in diastolic (LVPWd) were presented in young, old and
old rats in the SHS exposure group.</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Histopathologic of left ventricular hypertrophy using M-mode echocardiograms in young, old rats and
old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp)</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Representative M-mode echocardiograms taken proximal from young, old and old SHS Exp group. These
images were obtained from short-and long-axis imaging at the mid-papillary level. Parasternal short-axis
echocardiography views (up-panel), parasternal long-axis echocardiography views (down-panel)<br />
(B) Quantification of left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastolic and systolic, interventricular septal
in systolic (IVSs), interventricular septal in diastolic (IVSd), left ventricular internal dimension at end systolic
(LVIDs), left ventricular internal dimension at end diastolic (LVIDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness in
systolic (LVPWs) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastolic (LVPWd) shown in right panel. All data
are represented as the means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats<br />
(C) Quantification of the percentage of fractional shorting and ejection fraction at diastolic and systolic. All data
are represented as the means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>The morphological variables obtained from the
echocardiographic study are shown in Figure 3. The old rats in
SHS exposure had greater IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVIDd, LVPWs and
LVPWd dimension compared with young rats (*p<0.05 vs. young
rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats). After exposure to SHS, the old rats had
statistically greater dimensions than nonsmoking old rats did. This
variable change was used to confirm the efficacy of the exposure
of old rats to secondhand smoke (SHS). In addition, considering
the left ventricular variables, the ejection and shortening fractions
were significantly declined. As Figure 3C shown, shortening (FS%)
and ejection fraction (EF%) displayed a progressive impairment
in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp)
(*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats).</p><h3><b>Cardiomyocytes width and length of left ventricular
hypertrophy in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure
group</b></h3><p>The phase of left ventricular hypertrophy during adaptive stress
or overload is individual left ventricular myocyte grown in length
and/or width as compensated or dilation hypertrophy (Figure 4A).
According to the left ventricular cell width size, old rats in the SHS
exposure compared with old rats were increased (*p<0.05 vs. young
rats). According to compared with left ventricular cell length size
in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group was increased
(Figure 4B). Compared with old rats, left ventricular cell length size
in old rats in the SHS exposure group was significantly increased
(*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats).</p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> Longer cardiomyocytes occur left ventricular hypertrophy in the SHS exposure group by hematoxylin
& eosin stained.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Representative long cardiomyocytes occur left ventricular hypertrophy using histological sections by H&E
stained to determine cell width (μm) and cell length (μm) in young, old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure
group (Old SHS Exp)<br />
(B) Quantification of cell width (μm) and cell length (μm) in young, old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure
group (Old SHS Exp). Values are represented as the means ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05
compared with old rats.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h3><b>Changes to MMPs’ protein expression can explain agerelated
heart failure disease</b></h3><p>Fibrosis occurs from changes in the balance between synthesis
and degradation of extracellular matrix components. Therefore,
we sought to determine whether aging and SHS exposure-related
collagen accumulation and fibrosis could be related to changes in
the regulation of MMP2 and MMP9. Gelatin zymography detected 2
major gelatinolytic bands, MMP-2 and MMP-9, in the left ventricular
extracts. MMP-9 gelatinolytic bands did not observe. As Figure 5A
shown. Because its regulation was the sum of pro-MMP-9 and TIMP-
1, it may be MMP-9 complexed with TIMP-1. The down regulation
of MMP-2 in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group was
statistically significant compared with young rats. The extent of
changes in MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity was lower than old rats
(*p<0.05 vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats). Consistent with the
results of gelatin zymography, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein content
as measured by western blotting was also significantly reduced
in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp)
(Figure 5B).</p><p>These results suggest that MMP2/MMP9 contributed to the
remodeling of the extracellular matrix in left ventricular fibrosis.
While aging, we found MMP2 and MMP9 protein expression
decreased. Once exposure to SHS exposure, MMP2, and MMP9
protein expression were significantly lower than old rats (*p<0.05
vs. young rats; #p<0.05 vs. old rats). The dysregulation of MMP2/
MMP9 was now believed to contribute to fibrosis in old and SHS
exposure. Elevated TIMPs expression induced fibrosis is present
in old rats and old rats in SHS exposure. MMPs catalyze ECM
degradation, TIMPs is physiological inhibitors which controlled
MMPs activity.</p><p><strong>Figure 5:</strong> Molecular mechanisms of the imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs induced ECM remodeling.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G005.png" title="Click here to view Large image 5" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Representative zymographical analysis from young, old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS
Exp). Up-panel shows a gelatin zymography graphic representative of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Down-panel
shows MMP-2 activity quantified by densitometry and expressed as mean pixel density. Values are represented
as the means ±SEM. *p<0.05 compared with young rats. #p<0.05 compared with old rats<br />
(B) Protein expression activity dysregulation of MMP-2, MMP-9 and protein expression elevated of TIMP-1, TIMP-
2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp) by western blotting.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>To explore whether there are regulation changes in the
expression of TIMPs, we assessed the protein expression of TIMPs
(TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4) by Western blot. An up regulation of TIMPs
is associated with heart failure and fibrosis. To determine whether
aging or SHS exposure modulates cardiac matrix remodeling. As
Figure 5B shown, we found TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-
4 induced left ventricular fibrosis, protein expression levels
by western blotting analysis in old rats and old rats in the SHS
exposure group were significantly higher than young rats. Thus,
this apparent cause of fibrosis and heart failure can be explained by
differential regulation between MMPs and TIMPs.</p><h3><b>SHS exposure results in higher sensitivity to
inflammation and heart failure in old rats</b></h3><p>SHS exposure is an environmental stressor induced pathological
LVH. In this study, we determine whether low concentration SHS
exposure to old rats also will be induced pathological LVH. Results
showed p-MEK5/MEK5 and p-ERK5/ERK5 increased in old rats in
the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp), but not in the old hearts
(Figure 6A). To further determine the potential of inflammation in
the old hearts, we examined JNK1/2, p38α, IL-6, and TNFα protein
expression levels by western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
As Figure 6B and Figure 6C shown, JNK1/2, p38α, IL-6, and TNFα
protein expression levels were increased in old rats and old rats
in the SHS exposure group (Old SHS Exp). Immunohistochemical
study showed that densities of both old rats and old rats in the SHS
exposure hearts were higher in young rats (Figure 6C). IL-6 and
TNFα play an important role in promoting LVH and inflammation.
With greater age comes, we found that MAPK (JNK1/2 and p38)
protein expression were increased in old rats and rats in the SHS
exposure group. SHS exposure may enhance proinflammatory
cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) and MAPK cascade expression in old
rat hearts. Thus, cytokines in left ventricular hypertrophy tissues
increased markedly in keeping with a denser inflammatory cell
infiltration.</p><h4>Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure has been linked to a
number of harmful health outcomes and is an important cause of
morbidity and mortality. SHS exposure is an important cause of
morbidity and mortality. There is a lot of evidence indicated that
SHS exposure a formidable health hazard. However, there is no
evidence indicated that SHS exposure presents a challenging health
hazard [13]. It is also well understood that toxic air contamination
causes lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we
investigated the effects of SHS exposure associated with the elderly
age, specifically in the left ventricles of male rats. As is well known,
old age in humans always accompanies an increased incidence of
atherosclerotic vascular disease and cardiovascular disease [14]. In
contrast, aging is a physiological process due to increasing injuries
and vulnerability, which reduces the ability of organisms to survive.
Aging affects various aspects of left ventricular morphology and
function and has recently been considered to be a major risk
factor for cardiovascular disease and to have effects on various
aspects of left vascular morphology and function. Aging can refer
to a time-related process, however, it is commonly used for postmaturational
processes. The main characteristics associated with
aging is a progressive decrease in physiological capacities [15].</p><p><strong>Figure 6:</strong> The effects of SHS exposure on the activation of molecular mechanisms of inflammation and left
ventricular hypertrophy during aging.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G006.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/images/OJCHD.000557.G006.png" title="Click here to view Large image 6" width="60%" /></a></center><p>(A) Upregulation of left ventricular hypertrophy proteins, p-MEK5/MEK5 and p-ERK5/ERK5 in old rats in the
SHS exposure group by western blot<br />
(B) Upregulation of the expression of inflammatory mediators, cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) and MAPKs (JNK1/2
and p38), which lead to inflammation response<br />
(C) Immunohistochemistry of IL-6, TNFα, JNK and p38 in young, old rats and old rats in SHS exposure groups.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Discussion">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>The overall effect is highly debatable aging and disease. As
age increases, whether there will occur diseases itself. However,
the most obvious evidence of changes in the aging heart and liver.
Biological phenomena appear related to the aging process [16].
Aging exacerbates cardiac damage, leading to cardiac hypertrophy,
fibrosis [17] and dysfunction, developed compensatory
concentric hypertrophy [18] and fibrosis in response to induced
cardiomyocytes hypertrophy in a similar manner [19]. In the aging
heart, demonstrated severe left ventricular chamber dilation, wall
thinning and<br />
fibrosis, leading to congestive heart failure. In this study, we
want to know low-level chronic cigarette smoke exposure whether
is harmful to left ventricular function in old rats and to explore the
related mechanisms. We found that changes associated with SHS
exposure lead to cardiovascular pathological outcomes resulted
in age-related disease exacerbated. We observed left ventricular
chamber narrowing and rupture and increased left ventricular wall
thickness. These results demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy
in old rats and old rats in the SHS exposed group (Old SHS Exp).
On the other hand, we could from echocardiography results to
determine left ventricular dimension, posterior wall thickness,
interventricular septal at end-systole and end-diastole were
increased, and left ventricular function declined. Stiffening of
these fibers cause left ventricular fibrosis and could also affect the
efficient functioning. SHS exposure is linked to a number of harmful
health outcomes.<br />
As is well known, SHS exposure is a key risk factor for pathological
hypertrophy associated with various cardiovascular disease risk
factors [20], however, the old annual human always accompanies
with atherosclerotic vascular disease and cardiovascular disease.
As the heart reaches senescence, it undergoes a modest degree
of Heart failure [21]. It is now determined the differences several
signaling molecules play unique role in regulation of old rats in the
SHS exposure group. We discuss molecular signaling mechanisms
associated with old rats in the SHS exposure, including MMPs,
TIMPs, JNK1/2, p38α, IL-6 and TNFα signaling. We suggested that
upregulation of pro-inflammatory related protein expression of
JNK1/2, p38α, IL-6 and TNFα enhanced left ventricular pathological
hypertrophy. Down-regulation of MMP2 and MMP9 in old rats in the
SHS exposure accelerated TIMPs-induced cardiac fibrosis. Despite
the evidences that chronic exposure to SHS exposure resulted in
cardiac changes [22,23], the exact mechanisms involved in lowlevel
concentration process remain to be elucidated. These explore
knowledge may influence therapeutic strategies for the treatment
of cardiovascular disease in old age.</p><h4>Acknowledgment</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The study was approved by National Taipei University of
Nursing and Health Sciences. No extra-institutional funding must
be reported for this article.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Acknowledgment">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29733457">Spychala
MS, Venna VR, Jandzinski M, Doran SJ, Durgan DJ, et al. (2018)
Age-related changes in the gut microbiota influence systemic
inflammation and stroke outcome. Ann Neurol 84(1): 23-36.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27927801">Stout
MB, Justice JN, Nicklas BJ, Kirkland JL (2017) Physiological aging:
Links among adipose tissue dysfunction, diabetes, and frailty.
Physiology 32(1): 9-19.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445885">Liu
P, Xu B, Cavalieri TA, Hock CE (2002) Age-related difference in
myocardial function and inflammation in a rat model of myocardial
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<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217064">Zhu
J, Rebecchi MJ, Glass PS, Brink PR, Liu L, et al. (2011) Cardio
protection of the aged rat heart by GSK-3beta inhibitor is attenuated:
Age-related changes in mitochondrial permeability transition pore
modulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300(3): H922-H930.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275621">Jiang
Z, Rebecchi MJ, Qiang W, Glass PSA (2013) Chronic tempol treatment
restores pharmacological preconditioning in the senescent rat heart. Am J
Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304(5): H649-H659.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100604">Dinas
PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD (2013) Effects of active and passive
tobacco cigarette smoking on heart rate variability. International
Journal of Cardiology 163(2): 109-115.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767410">Flouris
AD, Vardavas CI, Metsios GS, Tsatsakis AM, Koutedakis Y, et al. (2010)
Biological evidence for the acute health effects of secondhand smoke
exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 298(1): L3-L12.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031007">Brink
TC, Demetrius L, Lehrach H, Adjaye J (2009) Age-related transcriptional
changes in gene expression in different organs of mice support the
metabolic stability theory of aging. Biogerontology 10(5): 549-564.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29957016">Garvin
AM, Jackson MA, Korzick DH (2018) Inhibition of programmed necrosis
limits infarct size through altered mitochondrial and immune responses
in the aged female rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 315(5):
H1434-H1442.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445885">Liu
P, Xu B, Cavalieri TA, Hock CE (2002) Age-related difference in
myocardial function and inflammation in a rat model of myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 56(3): 443-453.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345167">Juonala
M, Magnussen CG, Venn A, Gall S, Kähönen M, et al. (2012) Parental
smoking in childhood and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in
young adults: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study and the
childhood determinants of adult health study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol 32(4): 1024-1031.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256754">Kizaki
K, Momozaki M, Akatsuka K, Fujimori Y, Uchide T, et al. (2004) Impaired
gene expression of beta 1-adrenergic receptor, but not stimulatory
G-protein Gs alpha, in rat ventricular myocardium treated with
isoproterenol. Biol Pharm Bull 27(7): 1130-1132.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21155626">Kelly
G (2010) A review of the sirtuin system, its clinical implications, and
the potential role of dietary activators like resveratrol: Part 1.
Altern Med Rev 15(3): 245-263.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860641">Bard
RL, Dvonch JT, Kaciroti N, Lustig SA, Brook RD, et al. (2010) Is acute
high-dose secondhand smoke exposure always harmful to microvascular
function in healthy adults? Prev Cardiol 13(4): 175-189.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635997">Zhu
L, Di PY, Wu R, Pinkerton KE, Chen Y, et al. (2015) Repression of CC16
by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. PLoS One 10(1): e0116159.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411407">Koutros
S, Silverman DT, Alavanja MCR, Andreotti G, Lerro CC, et al. (2016)
Occupational exposure to pesticides and bladder cancer risk. Int J
Epidemiol 45(3): 792-805.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107260">Yang
Z, Ming XF (2012) mTOR signalling: The molecular interface connecting
metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity Reviews 13:
58-68.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874954">de
Almeida AJPO, Ribeiro TP, de Medeiros IA (2017) Aging: Molecular
pathways and implications on the cardiovascular system. Oxid Med Cell
Longev p. 7941563.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296856">Venn
A, Britton J (2007) Exposure to secondhand smoke and biomarkers of
cardiovascular disease risk in never-smoking adults. Circulation 115(8):
990-995.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699498">Sheydina A, Riordon DR, Boheler KR (2011) Molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte aging. Clin Sci 121(8): 315-329.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451468">Ungvari
Z, Csiszar A (2012) The emerging role of IGF-1 deficiency in
cardiovascular aging: Recent advances. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
67(6): 599-610.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565934">Gielen
S, Sandri M, Kozarez I, Kratzsch J, Teupser D, et al. (2012) Exercise
training attenuates MuRF-1 expression in the skeletal muscle of patients
with chronic heart failure independent of age: The randomized leipzig
exercise intervention in chronic heart failure and aging catabolism
study. Circulation 125(22): 2716-2727.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30404593">Alagiyawanna
AMAAP, Veerasingam EQ, Townsend N (2018) Prevalence and correlates of
exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among 14 to 15-year-old
schoolchildren in a medical officer of health area in Sri Lanka. BMC
Public Health 18(1): 1240.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000557.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000557.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>American Journal of Cardiology</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-53572914596323151042022-08-22T05:05:00.003-07:002022-08-22T05:05:55.309-07:00Calcified Chronic Subdural Hematoma_Crimson Publishers<p> Calcified Chronic Subdural Hematoma by Gómez Fortty
María delos Angeles and González
Echeverría Kléber Eduardo in Techniques in Neurosurgery & Neurology_<a class="attribute-value">Journal of Neurology</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8UlVmZTsCsgIlkxuhN3VDHhgtREqA-rEyvn47nAAXgtOd6YRNkGXSrhnZSSbAlwVgcThYZUvgmwX_HposG0rzLQVtGjU2f77jowzYcmSn2EoQYl-s2-YLR-C3TY4aW6858do77GfklgqNMigFIataVyVFM6Wcf_d0F-cmBQ-THO4mm1RQ_M_6EJUYpA/s605/Techniques%20in%20Neurosurgery%20&%20Neurology.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="605" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8UlVmZTsCsgIlkxuhN3VDHhgtREqA-rEyvn47nAAXgtOd6YRNkGXSrhnZSSbAlwVgcThYZUvgmwX_HposG0rzLQVtGjU2f77jowzYcmSn2EoQYl-s2-YLR-C3TY4aW6858do77GfklgqNMigFIataVyVFM6Wcf_d0F-cmBQ-THO4mm1RQ_M_6EJUYpA/s320/Techniques%20in%20Neurosurgery%20&%20Neurology.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Medical Image</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong>Simple skull tomography</strong></p><p>An isodensal image with a wide area of perimeter calcification of
left frontoparieccipital extraxial location is observed in a 68-year-old
male patient entering with generalized tonic-clonic seizure box,
hemiplegia on the right side due to a reduction in brain tissue of up to
200g, with an increase in extra-brain space by 6 to 11% allowing
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">parenchyma</a> to adapt to the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">hematoma</a> and that it is stood (Figure 1). The
clinical presentation of this pathology is often insidious, with
symptoms of decreased level of consciousness, problems in gait due to
changes in balance, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">cognitive dysfunction</a>, memory loss, motor deficit
(hemiparesias), headache, or <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">aphasia</a> [1,2]. With the presumptive
diagnosis, a left parietal craniotomy was performed, through which an
encapsulated and calcified lesion was exposed in its entire parietal and
visceral face, and that contained a granular substance of dark red
color, totally avascular. Radical resection was performed without
surgical complications (Figure 2). Final result, successful patient
surgical ablation without <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">seizures</a>, regained strength 5/5 in right
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">hemibody</a>, oriented and conscious. It is concluded that chronic subdural
hematomas calcification is a rare form of imaging presentation today,
known as armoured brain or matryoska brain [3]. Since pseudomembrans are
calcified, the chances of brain re-explosion are virtually non-
existent [4]; Finally, the decision of the surgery conforms to the
clinical or radiological evidence of mass effect. When there is evidence
and the need for a craniotomy approach it could be a better option than
trepanation in the management of these entities [4,5].</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong></p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/images/TNN.000566.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/images/TNN.000566.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Medical Image">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Craniotomy plus capsulotomy for evacuation
of chronic subdural hematoma calcified in 68-yearold
patient. (A) Dural opening, (B)Chronic calcified
subdural hematoma, (C)Release of chronic calcified
subdural hematoma of the cerebral parenchyma, (D)
Surgical bed hemostasis, (E)fragments of retired
calcified subdural hematoma, (F)Dural closure, (G)
Placement of bone flap fixed with microplates, (H)
Surgical boarding closure.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li><a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1684-18242019000200564">Ortega
SO, Gil Alfonso M, Bacallao GL, Hechevarría AJ, García DM, et al.
(2019) Diagnóstico del hematoma subdural: unproceso de clínica e
imágenes diná Rev Med Electrónabril 41(2).</a></li>
<li>Balser D, Farooq S, Mehmood T (2015) Traumatismo craneoencefálico en el adulto mayor. J Neurosurg 1(7).</li>
<li>Arán Echabe E, Fieiro Dantes C, Prieto Gonzales Á (2014) Hematoma
subdural crónico calcificado: cerebro blindado. Rev Neurolenero 58(9).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/surgical-management-of-chronic-subdural-hematoma-short-communication-2155-9562-1000393.pdf">Santarias
T, Kolias A, Hutchinson P (2012) Surgical management of chronic
subdural hematoma in adults. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques pp.
1573-1578.</a></li>
<li>García Pallero M, Pulido Rivas P, Pascual Garvi J, G Sola R (2014)
Hematomas subdurales cronicos. La arquitectura interna del hematoma como
predictor de recurrencia. Rev Neurol octubre 59(7).</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/fulltext/TNN.000566.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/fulltext/TNN.000566.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Journal of Neurology</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/tnn/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-73196261450615033512022-08-19T04:56:00.002-07:002022-08-19T04:56:19.837-07:00Advances in Syngas Production Technologies: Catalysis and Engineering_Crimson Publishers<p>Advances in Syngas Production Technologies:
Catalysis and Engineering by Makarand R
Gogate in Progress in Petrochemical Science_<a class="attribute-value">Journal of Petrochemical Science</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qPN8D68UiHwAgRamWO2MMc5Ex69PFr2RPAvhz8X7LkZufpzbT11caWqCBZLa9rFNdbUU5rPiOXfU8hzj-OSV3E5GkwYTFpq3CXu4gla_4I_IB7OQz0SgdBEvc3kFjCesm3nlCXAgnTJTRpQY6vtdXZOAeS6w9EH1hUZPvpsK8eSWUZGvYV_omWFtmw/s454/Progress%20in%20Petrochemical%20Science.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="454" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qPN8D68UiHwAgRamWO2MMc5Ex69PFr2RPAvhz8X7LkZufpzbT11caWqCBZLa9rFNdbUU5rPiOXfU8hzj-OSV3E5GkwYTFpq3CXu4gla_4I_IB7OQz0SgdBEvc3kFjCesm3nlCXAgnTJTRpQY6vtdXZOAeS6w9EH1hUZPvpsK8eSWUZGvYV_omWFtmw/s320/Progress%20in%20Petrochemical%20Science.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Opinion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Methane is the principal constituent of natural gas and constitutes
over 90% (v/v) by volume, regardless of the source. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/">Coal</a>, oil, and
natural gas have traditionally been the 3 fossil fuels of choice for
further conversion and upgrading to fuels and fuel additives, chemicals,
and petrochemicals, and for generation of electric power. The advent of
“<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/">Fracking</a>”, a technology first commercialized in the United States
around 2008, made it possible to harvest and recover huge quantities of
shale gas and associated gas liquids, trapped within tight pore spaces
of shale rock deposits or coal bed methane, considered to be 2
unconventional sources of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/">methane</a> [1-3], other than gas hydrates. The
production of domestic natural gas saw a hugh spike in about 2008 (about
1Tnm<sup>3</sup>) and is expected to grow by up to 44% by 2035. The
U.S. is now the world’s largest producer of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/">natural gas</a>, and the cost of
natural gas is at about the lowest it has been in over 2 decades, at
$1.85/MM BTU. The historical trends in the production and price of
domestic natural gas, 1900 onwards to 2020, is shown in Figure 1.
Instructively, the hugh spike in the production capacity of natural gas
is clearly seen around 2005-2010, which coincides with the advent of new
“Fracking” capacity in the United States [4].</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Historical trends in price of domestic natural gas, 1900 onwards to
2020 [4].</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Opinion">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>Not surprisingly, natural gas surpassed coal (in 2007) for the
largest installed electricity generation capacity in the United States.
In addition, the E.I.A. estimates that the unconventional resource base
(primarily shale and coal bed methane) of natural gas is around 65Tnm<sup>3</sup>, out of which about 5Tnm<sup>3</sup>
are considered to be “proven” reserves, i.e., recoverable under the
current economic and environmental conditions [4]. Natural gas, a
versatile fuel feedstock, with a high calorific value - one with the
lowest C footprint on account of its highest H:C ratio – is primarily
used for electricity generation, and for home heating/cooking
applications. More than 90% of U.S. domestic production is burned to
create energy, for heating, cooking, and transportation purposes, or for
generation of electric power (for residential and commercial use). The
use of natural gas as a chemical feedstock for further conversion into
fuels/fuel additives, chemicals, and petrochemicals, is still very
limited. The reason for this is primarily economic in nature. Most
natural gas wellhead locations/deposits are found in remote,
inaccessible locations. Natural gas, a vapor under ambient conditions,
has a very low mass and volumetric energy density, and is difficult and
uneconomical to transport over long distances, using gas pipelines, or
even LNG tanker trailers. Unfortunately, thus, apart from conversion to
synthesis gas, hydrogen cyanide, acetylene, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons, methane conversion pathways are not yet cost-competitive
to oil-based fuels and chemicals/petrochemicals. However, natural-gas
based indirect liquefaction technologies, based on syngas, offer a
critical potential avenue (to reduce our dependence on oil and to reduce
the C footprint), for further high-volume growth and market share in
syngas-based bulk chemicals. The top 3 chemical products, based on
natural gas-based syngas, are, ammonia (worldwide capacity 175MMtpa,
11MMtpa U.S.), methanol (110MMtpa, 4.5MMtpa U.S.), and F.-T.-based
synfuels products (over 220,000bpd). While the U.S. capacity of the
top-3 chemicals above is still a very small fraction of the worldwide
capacity, more than a dozen methanol mega projects are currently in
various stages of planning, design, and construction, all along the U.S.
gulf coast. Natural-gas based syngas is an ideal feedstock for
production of above 3 chemicals, as it affords a stoichiometric inlet H<sub>2</sub>:CO
ratio of 2-2.5, directly possible with both conventional steam
reforming and autothermal reforming (ATR), without need for any
additional shift conversion [5-8].</p><p>In this article, we offer an insightful analysis of the current
status of syngas production technologies and assess future projections
and forecast for the industry. Steam reforming of natural gas is a
conventional and now mature technology, for synthesis of “syngas”, a
mixture of CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub> [9-12]. In steam reforming, CH<sub>4</sub> reacts with steam to reform CH<sub>4</sub> into a mixture of CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, as given below:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.E001.png" /></p><p>The synthesis reactions are highly endothermic and thus limited by
chemical equilibrium; heat is supplied to the reformer tubes (in a
vertical, parallel arrangement), by combustion of natural gas inside a
firebox. The product gases leave the reformer unit at 855 <sup>o</sup>C and 2MPa. In industrial practice, heat is recovered from this gas stream by a series of heat exchange operations.</p><p>As noted above, only 2 of the 3 reactions above are independent; the H<sub>2</sub>:CO ratio for the overall product gas is between 2-2.5. The kinetic studies on a commercial Ni/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or a ceramic support indicate that it is the reforming of CH<sub>4</sub>
to CO and the water gas shift reaction that take place under industrial
conditions. The dry reforming reaction can also be postulated to occur
in the overall series of reactions, as follows [13]:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.E002.png" /></p><p>As discussed above, steam reforming of natural gas is a mature
process technology, and discussed extensively in several recent reviews
[6,7,9-12].</p><p>Steam reforming is catalyzed by Group VIII transition metals,
including Ru, Rh, Ir, and Ni. While extensive experimental and
theoretical studies (DFT calculations, scaling relationships, and
microkinetic models) show that Ru and Rh are the most active transition
group metals for steam reforming, Ni-based catalysts are almost
exclusively used in the chemical industry due to high price of Ru and Rh
metals. Ir is also an excellent choice as a catalyst, with identical
activity and selectivity profiles.</p><p>In industry, Ni catalysts are highly susceptible to severe deactivation, by,</p><ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>sintering and particle growth,</li>
<li>selective poisoning by trace impurities in feed gas, including As, Pb, S, and P, and</li>
<li>C deposition and pore blockage to active sites, by Boudouard
reaction, and methane cracking/decomposition, at the high temperatures
(>823-1073 K) encountered in steam reforming [14].</li>
</ol><p>Of the three causes mentioned above, sintering and particle growth
occur by atom-by-atom translation and migration from one particle to
other, a mechanism termed as Ostwald ripening. It has been proposed that
Ni surface atoms are quite labile at the high process temperatures and
migrate over surfaces by formation of Ni-H and Ni-OH entities. However,
promoters like Au and K that selectively bind to active sites (both
terrace and step sites) and form surface alloys are shown to impart both
sintering and coking resistance and extend catalyst lifetimes in
industrial practice. For further reading on causes and consequences of
catalyst deactivation, the reader is referred to some recent reviews on
this topic [9,12,15-17].</p><p>Compared to conventional steam reforming, autothermal reforming (ATR)
is a transformational advance in syngas technology, and consists of a
combination of a combustion chamber at the reactor inlet in series with a
packed bed further away from the inlet, to improve the overall reactor
efficiency and operational flexibility [5,12,18]. Natural gas and steam,
fed to the combustion zone in presence of O<sub>2</sub>, at temperatures of ~1300 <sup>o</sup>C
(and higher in the flame core, right at burner entrance mounted ahead
of the combustion chamber), undergo homogeneous gas phase reactions,
including steam reforming and water gas shift (among other radical
reactions). The final conversion takes place in the catalyst bed, and
the product gases leave the reformer, at chemical equilibrium, between
850-1100 <sup>o</sup>C. The ATR operation is very flexible, uses low steam/CH<sub>4</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> ratios (sub-stoichiometric), and produces syngas with a wide range of H<sub>2</sub>:CO ratios, of both CO-rich and H<sub>2</sub>-rich
type. In addition, the ATR operation is typically soot-free and
particulate-free. The operational concept of the ATR system is
illustrated in Figure 2. Like conventional reforming, Ni-based catalysts
are used, but with refractory or spinel support which have high thermal
and mechanical strength/stability, to withstand the very high
temperatures of operation [9]. Both α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel oxide are industrially used as supports.</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Illustration of the ATR reactor operation [9].</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/images/PPS.000567.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>In catalytic partial oxidation (CPO), still an exploratory technology in nature, the hydrocarbon feed and oxidant (O<sub>2</sub>)
are mixed in the inlet zone of the CPO reactor, and passed over the
packed bed of catalyst. Distinct with the ATR operation, the CPO reactor
design does not incorporate a burner ahead the catalyst zone. The steam
reforming and water gas shift reactions take place over a noble
metal-based catalyst, and the product gases typically leave the reactor
exit at chemical equilibrium, at temperatures typically >1100 <sup>o</sup>C.
Noteworthy research advances in this area include the development of
ms-time scale contact reactors, which incorporate design allowances that
circumvent needs for pre-heating, and steam addition [19,20].
Regardless, CPO technology is unlikely to have commercial merit, mainly
due to safety concerns, associated with handling of the hydrocarbon-O<sub>2</sub>
flammable mixture at the inlet. The feed inlet is also designed to be
outside the auto-ignition temperature of the mixture, which inherently
leads to a higher consumption of O<sub>2</sub>.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
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PC, Weckhuysen BM (2013) Shale gas revolution: an opportunity for
bio-based chemicals. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52(46):
11980-11987.</a></li>
<li>Wang Q, Chen X, Jha AN, Rogers H (2014) Natural gas from shale
formation - the evolution, evidences, and challenges of shale gas
revolution in the United States. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30(C): 1-28.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920410506001859">Makogon YF, Holditch SA, Makogon TY (2007) Natural gas-hydrates - a potential energy source for the 21<sup>st</sup> J Petro Sci Eng 56(1-3): 14-31.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.eia.gov/">Energy Information Administration (2012).</a></li>
<li>Rostrup Nielsen JR, Christiansen LJ (2011) Concepts in syngas manufacture, Imperial College Press, London, UK.</li>
<li>Lu K, Song C, Subramani V (2010) Syngas and hydrogen production and purification technologies, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.</li>
<li>Rostrup Nielsen JR (2008) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. In:
Ertl G, Knözinger H, Schüth F, Weitkamp J (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,
Germany.</li>
<li>Tillerson R (2005) Leading the way fundamentals of gas-to-liquids. In: 2<sup>nd</sup> (edn), Petroleum Economist, London, UK.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1875510011000242">Petersen
AK, Dybkjaer I, Ovesen CV, Schjodt NC, Sehested J, et al. (2011)
Natural gas to syngas: Catalysts and catalytic processes. J Nat Gas Sci
Eng 3(2): 423-459.</a></li>
<li>International energy agency (2012) Golden rules for a golden age of gas.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1875510012000947">Wood
DA, Nwaoha, C, Towler BF (2012) Gas-to-liquids: a review of an industry
offering several routes for monetising natural gas. J Nat Gas Sci Eng
9: 196-208.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/092058619380059A">Rostrup JR (1993) Production of synthesis gas. Catal Today 18(4): 305-324.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/CR-100101948">Bradford MJ, Vannice MA (1993) CO<sub>2</sub> reforming of CH<sub>4</sub>. Catal Rev Sci Eng 41(1): 1-42.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10562-014-1417-z.pdf">Horn R, Schlögl R (2015) Methane activation by heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Lett 145: 23-39.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01614940903048661">Ratnasamy C, Wagner JP (2009) Water-gas shift catalysis. Catal Sci Rev Eng 51(3): 325-340.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cheric.org/research/tech/periodicals/view.php?seq=460837">Rasmussen FB, Sehested J, Teumssen HT, Molenbroek AM, Clausen BS (2004) Sintering of Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts studied by anomalous small angle X-ray scattering. Appl Catal A 267(1-2): 165-173.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021951700930859">Sehested J, Carlsson A, Janssens TW, Hansen PL, Datye A (2001) Sintering of Nickel steam reforming catalysts on MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> J Catal 197(1): 200-209.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie0206913">Reyes SC,
Sinfelt JH, Feeley JS (2003) Evolution of processes for syngas
production: Recent developments in an old technology. Ind Eng Chem Res
42(8): 1588-1597.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167299100809453">Schmidt LD (2000) Millisecond chemical reactions and reactors. Stud Surf Sci Catal 130: 61-81</a>.</li>
<li>Specchia S, Vella L, Montini T, Fornasiero P (2011) Syngas
production by short contact-time catalytic partial oxidation of methane,
Hydrogen production: Prospectives and processes. In: Honnery DR,
Moriarty D (Eds.), (1<sup>st</sup> edn), Nova Science Publishers Inc., Hauppauge, New York, USA, pp. 95-139.</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000567.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000567.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Journal of Petrochemical Science</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-3191025966274148752022-08-18T05:11:00.006-07:002022-08-18T05:11:44.008-07:00Intestinal Intussusception in an Adult Affected by Vanek Tumor: A Case Report_Crimson Publishers<p>Intestinal Intussusception in an Adult Affected by
Vanek Tumor: A Case Report by Morazán AD in Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal_<a class="attribute-value">journal of Surgical Medicine</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJEIXfUVsVjGVVSRwmGWvK8_W8Qs2IUoI4M6CFBWv8QJDYXnI9ZF4wl1fJJfUqVU2JaNd_pvP_ePD7rOR1_W4IpK7C11zqj1LjrENXHXh_CoooAMeJpd7oM6zQHmwSFitK6FkjTCwx0bjatsgcVz0VVdsOrxTJczZMt6P3zi1Z0skQ7TSfhagevB6YGg/s357/SMOAJ.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="357" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJEIXfUVsVjGVVSRwmGWvK8_W8Qs2IUoI4M6CFBWv8QJDYXnI9ZF4wl1fJJfUqVU2JaNd_pvP_ePD7rOR1_W4IpK7C11zqj1LjrENXHXh_CoooAMeJpd7oM6zQHmwSFitK6FkjTCwx0bjatsgcVz0VVdsOrxTJczZMt6P3zi1Z0skQ7TSfhagevB6YGg/s320/SMOAJ.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare benign lesion, originating from the submucosa in the
gastrointestinal tract. It generally appears as an isolated benign lesion, rarely located at the level of the
ileum. Its origin is controversial. Clinical presentation varies depending on its location; invagination and
obstruction are the most common indicative symptoms when the polyp is located at the level of the small
intestine. We report the case of a 60-year old patient with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting and
a personal history of intermittent constipation. Radiological imaging objectified ileo-ileal invagination
completely obstructing the ileum light. Segmental resection of the obstructed ileal segment and terminalterminal
anastomosis were performed. The final diagnosis of IFP was established using histological
examination.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/">Inflammatory fibroid polyp</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/">Ileum</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/">Invagination</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Adult intussusception is relatively rare, constituting only 1% of
patients with bowel obstructions. Adult intussusception is mostly caused
by tumors and 80% of the tumors associated with small bowel
intussusception are benign. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/">Vanek tumor</a> (inflammatory fibroid polyp) is a
rare pseudo-tumorous lesion of the gastrointestinal tract first
described by Vanek in 1949 [1]. It occurs most frequently in the gastric
antrum of adults, inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) rarely cause ileal
intussusception [2]. The IFP is a benign lesion that arises from the
submucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, most commonly in the
antrum (70%) and ileum (20%) and, only occasionally, in the duodenum and
jejunum. Its frequency from 1% to 4% of diagnoses among benign lesions,
and usually occurs between the fifth and the seventh decade of life
[3]. The underlying cause of IFPs is still unknown. Many have suggested
etiologies possibly related to chemical, physical, or metabolic
triggers. Genetic study of IFP showed mutations in platelet derived
growth factor alpha (PDGFRA) in some cases. The frequency of mutations
among case series ranges from 21.7% to 69.6%. Activating PDGFRA
mutations occur in exons 12, 14 and 18. It also shows for the presence
of androgen receptor-positive cells whose location corresponds with the
distribution of Ki67- positive cells. When localized in the small bowel,
the presenting symptoms are colicky abdominal pain and obstruction.
Intussusception due to IFPs is uncommon; moreover, jejunojejunal and
ileoileal intussusception has only rarely been reported [4-14]. We
present the case of a 60-year-old male presenting with symptoms
preceding an intestinal obstruction caused by an ileoileal
intussusception with an inflammatory fibroid polyp acting as the lead
point.</p><h4>Clinical Case</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>A 60-year-old male patient, married, farmer, from Tegucigalpa, with a
history of a month
and a half of evolution, insidiously presenting moderately intense
abdominal cramps, diffuse
location with predominance in the right iliac fossa and mesogastrium,
short duration,
accompanied by nausea, vomiting twice a week, which is attenuated after
the intake of analgesics and antispasmodics. Evaluated by general
practitioner
and managed with antispasmodics, changes in lifestyle and diet.
The patient continued with insidious, sporadic, and self-limited
episodes of pain until one day prior to admission presented
an exacerbation with increased intensity without attenuating
the intake of analgesics and antispasmodics, so he went to the
emergency surgery assessment general. Pathological personal
history of systemic arterial hypertension managed with irbersartan
300mg orally every day, benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with
alfuzosin once daily, grade I obesity. On physical examination, the
patient presented complaining with pain facies, hemodynamically
stable with vital signs of BP 130/90mmhg, FC 96x, FR 16x,
temperature of 36.5 ℃ without data of respiratory distress, oxygen
saturation of 98% with ambient air , chest with well-ventilated lung
fields with vesicular murmur, globular abdomen at the expense of
adipose tissue, hypoactive intestinal noises 2 per minute, without
distension, percussion without alterations, soft, depressible,
moderate pain on deep palpation in the iliac fossa and right flank,
no involuntary muscular resistance, no data of peritoneal irritation,
no palpable tumors or visceromegalies. Genitals and inguinal
region without alterations. No stool to the rectal touch. Laboratory
tests were requested with the following results: Hb 12.1g/dL, H to
38.5mL/dL, VCM 91.9μm3, WBC. 10,800/mm3, neutrophils 72.2%,
platelets 474,000/mm3; Biochemical: Glucose 100mg/dL, Na
140mEq/L, K 4.4mEq/L, creatinine 1.0mg/dL, BUN 13.8mg/dL,
urea 32.5mg/dL, Alb 5.1g/dL, TGO 23U/L, TGP 36U/L.</p><p>Subsequently, his study was complemented by requesting
abdominal tomography. In which a proximal ileal loop was
observed with the presence of distal cystic tumor that measures
approximately 3.5cm with proximal dilation of this intestinal loop
with a hydro-air level, related to intestinal invagination. No data
of intestinal obstruction, free fluid, or pneumoperitoneum were
observed (Figure 1). He was admitted for surgical treatment with
a diagnosis of intestinal invagination. A diagnostic laparoscopy
was performed and turned in open laparotomy with the following
findings, a firm consistency tumor in the small intestine at the
level of the ileum 7cm long and 3.5cm in diameter, occupying
the entire lumen of the intestine, with an ileo-ileal invagination
segment of approximately 15cm (Figure 2). The tumor was
evaluated small intestine segment which measures 7cm long by
3.5cm in diameter with a light brown, smooth, shiny serosa, wall
4cm thick, trabeculated mucosa preserved in the intestinal wall, a
nodular mass measuring 4 by 3.5cm, gray, cream attached directly
to the wall, clean surgical edges of soft consistency and gelatinous
appearance, well defined, not encapsulated with moderate amount
of non-foul, non-hot inflammatory fluid (Figure 3). It was decided
to perform resection and ileo-ileum anastomosis, the patient
evolved satisfactorily and began diet 24 hours post-operative
and discharged 4 days later without complications. Histological
reported myxoid-like lesion made up of elongated fibroblasts, also
with an inflammatory infiltrate polyp accompanied by eosinophils.
It grows in the submucosa, pushes and ulcerates the submucosa,
with an acute inflammatory reaction. well-defined tumor without
cell atypia or mitosis, normal surgical edges (Figure 4).</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Proximal ileal loop with the presence of distal
cystic tumor that measures approximately 3.5cm with
proximal dilation of this intestinal loop with a hydro-air
level, related to intestinal invagination.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Clinical Case">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Firm consistency tumor in the ileum 7cm
long and 3.5cm in diameter, occupying the entire
lumen of the intestine, with an ileo-ileal invagination.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> The tumor with a light brown, smooth, shiny
serosa, trabeculated mucosa preserved in the intestinal
wall, a nodular mass, cream attached directly to the
wall, clean surgical edges of soft consistency and
gelatinous appearance, well defined, not encapsulated.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> Histological reported myxoid-like lesion made
up of elongated fibroblasts, also with an inflammatory
infiltrate polyp accompanied by eosinophils.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/images/SMOAJ.000567.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
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</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="References">
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<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23213593/">Zakaria A,
Daradkeh S (2012) Jejunojejunal intussusception induced by a
gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Case Rep Surg 2012: 173-680.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/fulltext/SMOAJ.000567.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/fulltext/SMOAJ.000567.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>journal of Surgical Medicine</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-9269991587807841202022-08-16T05:16:00.005-07:002022-08-16T05:16:31.722-07:00Clinical Features of Pathological Processes of the Cervix Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection_Crimson Publishers<p>Clinical Features of Pathological Processes of the Cervix Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection by Unanyan A in Investigations in Gynecology Research & Womens Health_<a class="attribute-value">Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB7EYI2kejjKbFY7_q4c3LIRbKD0miXe9A9qjQsrFKMDuG7u1pvximztI2bLM-HL8jSxqVlt0huj-RNbix1zPgl5yQG971VeYBbFxcU4yCKmQwR1KSZyD0tweh0KMGy5MNJgQmX3dz3VyoQA4Fvi0RK8pFGZ_RNumV0g49W3BiNSnPX-mlaYZ34xoFQ/s229/IGRWH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB7EYI2kejjKbFY7_q4c3LIRbKD0miXe9A9qjQsrFKMDuG7u1pvximztI2bLM-HL8jSxqVlt0huj-RNbix1zPgl5yQG971VeYBbFxcU4yCKmQwR1KSZyD0tweh0KMGy5MNJgQmX3dz3VyoQA4Fvi0RK8pFGZ_RNumV0g49W3BiNSnPX-mlaYZ34xoFQ/s1600/IGRWH.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><strong>Background:</strong> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">Cervical </a>Diseases associated with
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">Papillomavirus</a> infection are one of the most pressing problems modern
gynecology due to the high frequency of occurrence (in the structure
gynecological morbidity - from 20 to 45%) and the ability to steady
progression of the pathological process. A significant place in the
structure of CM pathology is occupied by cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIN), which are often <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">malignancy</a>. Of particular importance
are the issues of oncological transformation of the cervix in patients
of reproductive age, taking into account the upcoming implementation of
reproductive function. In Russia over the past 15 years, there has been
an increase in the proportion of neglected cases of cervical cancer
(cervical cancer), which ranks second (after breast cancer) in the
structure of malignant tumors in reproductive age in women.
Unfortunately, to date, the data of only an anamnesis, general clinical
laboratory and instrumental methods of research are not productive
enough to assess the risk of developing cervical onychopathology.</p>
<p><strong>Objective:</strong> To identify the most significant clinical
and anamnestic risk factors for the progression of pathological
processes associated with human papillomavirus infection and the
development of malignant transformation of the cervix in women of
reproductive age, as they are important, taking into account statistical
analysis.</p>
<p><strong>Material and methods:</strong> The study conducted
prospective and retrospective analyzes of 185 patients of reproductive
age with cervical diseases; the age of the women surveyed ranged from
25-44 years.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> We have revealed a moderate relationship
(using Spearman's correlation analysis) between the degree of
progression of cervical disease and the presence of aggravated heredity
(cancer of the reproductive system) (R = 0.5679, p1.0, which allowed us
to attribute these factors of hereditary burden to cancer with
statistically significant risk factors for malignant transformation and
progression of the pathological process of cervix.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to our study the most
clinically and statistically significant risk factors are high virus HPV
an oncogenic risk of more than 105 genomic equivalents; HPV persistence
of high oncogenic risk; previously morphologically verified CIN;
sexually transmitted mixed infections (3 or more).</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">HPV</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">CIN</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">Cervical cancer</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">Gynecological oncology</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Cervical diseases associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) are an
urgent problem of modern obstetrics and gynecology, primarily due to the
high incidence and possibility of development of precancerous processes
and cervical cancer [1]. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN),
which often leads to the development of cervical cancer, occupies a
significant place in the structure of cervical diseases associated with
HPV [2]. The current management and treatment tactics for detecting CIN
are different: from observation using HPV testing and cytological
control to excision, which in some cases is repeated, and even
hysterectomy [1]. At the same time, the reason for such different
tactics of management is not always unambiguous and needs a pathogenetic
justification in order to identify the most effective approaches in the
treatment of women of reproductive age. A factor requiring special
attention in the management of women with CIN is the possibility of
developing residual/recurrent disease [3]. Residual/recurrent disease is
detected, as a rule, in patients with a neoplastic process at the edges
of the resected tissue.</p><p>Currently, existing methods for predicting the progression of the
residual neoplastic process, up to its malignant transformation, are not
effective enough, and therefore the principles of the formation of high
cancer risk groups require further development. Recently, an important
role in the process of carcinogenesis has been played by epigenetic
changes [4]. One of the main epigenetic events necessary for tumor
development is acetylation of histones and methylation of tumor
suppressor genes, which are the earliest events in the process of
carcinogenesis [5]. However, the identification of their clinical
significance and features in the genesis of the progression of
pathological processes of CM require further research due to the
insufficient number of works in this direction.</p><h4>Materials and Methods</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The study was conducted on the clinical bases of the Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 1 (head of the department-MD, professor
Ishchenko A.I.) First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.
Sechenov and LLC "<em>Invitro</em>". The study conducted prospective and
retrospective analyzes of 185 patients of reproductive age with
cervical diseases; the age of the women surveyed ranged from 25-44
years. In retrospect, all patients were divided into 5 groups depending
on the morphological type of the pathological process of CM: group
1-patients with benign processes associated with HPV (n=32); Group
2-women with CIN I (n=43); Group 3-patients with CIN II (n=46); Group
4-women with CIN III (n=42); Group 5-patients with invasive squamous
cervical cancer (stage I; n=22). Patients with a morphologically
verified diagnosis of CIN III or invasive squamous cervical cancer for
further treatment were referred to an oncologist. Patients with CM
adenocarcinoma were not found in the study.</p><p>Inclusion criteria-reproductive age, morphologically verified cases
of pathological processes of cervix associated with HPV, HPV-detected
HPV (high oncogenic risk), the presence of paraffin blocks in women with
previous biopsy or excision of CM. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy and
lactation, the use of HPV vaccine, severe somatic burden of patients
(renal, hepatic, cardiovascular insufficiency), morphologically verified
malignant formations (except squamous cervical cancer). In the process
of determining urogenital infections, the diagnostic systems
DNA-Sorb-AM, Amply Sense HPV Raman Screen-Titer-FL, Сobas 4800 (Roche
Molecular Systems, USA) were used. Conducted traditional and liquid
methods of cytological examination (classification of the Bethesda
system), colposcopy (Sensitec OC-100 and SLC-2000). An aim biopsy and
LLETZ, or conical excision, were performed on an EHVCh-140-02 Fotek
device (Russia) and Surgitron DF 120 4.0 MHz (USA). An ultrasound scan
was performed on an Acuson 128 XP 10 device (USA), Dornier AI 5200
"(Germany)," Logiq C5 "(USA). Destructive methods of treatment were
performed using the PlasmaJeT apparatus (Great Britain). The latest WHO
classification [6] distinguishes between LSIL, whose synonym is CIN I,
and HSIL, whose synonyms are CIN II and CIN III.</p><p>However, it should be noted that the classification that divides CIN
into CIN I, CIN II, and CIN III [7] reflects in more detail the phased
development of the neoplastic cervical process, which was the basis for
the use of this particular classification in our own research work. All
quantitative data obtained were processed by the method of variation
statistics using spreadsheets "Microsoft Excel", as well as the
application package "Statistica for Windows" v. 7.0, Stat Soft Inc.
(USA). The probability of the occurrence of an event for some case was
calculated by the formula, p=1/(1+e^(-z) ) ,where z =
b1*X1+b2xX2+...+bnxXn+... X1 are the values of independent variables, b1
are the coefficients, calculation which is the task of binary logistic
regression, e is the natural logarithm and is equal to 3.714. In the
resulting binary logistic regression equation, the prognosis (low
risk–p<0.5) of the progression of the pathological process of cervix
associated with HPV was calculated.</p><h4>Research Results and Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>We carried out a detailed comparative analysis of clinical, medical
and diagnostic parameters in the formed groups of patients. The average
age of the examined patients was 38.4±1.4 years. Using Pearson's
correlation analysis, we found a direct moderate relationship between
age and the degree of progression of the pathological process of cervix
(r=0.3485, p1.0. It should be noted that, according to WHO 2013
(Guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for
cervical cancer prevention), the highest risk of cervical cancer occurs
between the ages of 30 and 49. The age of women as a risk factor for the
occurrence of pathological processes of cervical cancer has also been
noted by other researchers [8].</p><p>We have revealed a moderate relationship (using Spearman's
correlation analysis) between the degree of progression of cervical
disease and the presence of aggravated heredity (cancer of the
reproductive system) (R=0.5679, p1.0, which allowed us to attribute
these factors of hereditary burden to cancer with statistically
significant risk factors for malignant transformation and progression of
the pathological process of cervix. Hereditary factor, as a rule, is
realized through the mechanism of predisposition to the disease, when
and some inherited adaptive-protective mechanisms are not able to
counteract exogenous carcinogenic effects [9]. Several researchers have
noted a high degree of hereditary burden of patients in the development
of tumor diseases of the genital organs, which, in their opinion, is an
important factor predisposing to the development of cervical disease
[10].</p><p>When studying somatic diseases, it was found that the differences in
the frequency of diseases of the respiratory, urinary, nervous systems,
gastrointestinal tract in the comparison groups were statistically
insignificant (p>0.05). In the study of reproductive history, it is
noteworthy that the number of births and abortions did not statistically
significantly differ between the groups, however, a significant
predominance of post-abortion and postpartum traumatic cervical injuries
was revealed in women with CIN III (83.3%) and invasive cervical cancer
(90, 9%) compared with patients in the first three groups (9.4%, 11.6%
and 43.5%, respectively); (p<0.05). Traumatic injuries of cervix
(postpartum, post-abortion, etc.) in the progression of the pathological
process of cervix were identified as a significant risk factor based on
the calculation of RR. According to Prilepskaya et al. [10] traumatic
injuries of cervix with its further deformation lead to a violation of
the physiological barrier, which is accompanied by a decrease in local
immunity and easier penetration of the infection. Data from other
researchers indicate that precancer and cervical cancer are often formed
against the background of post abortion and postpartum cicatricial
deformity of cervical cancer and ectropion [11].</p><p>Using Pearson's correlation analysis, we revealed a direct moderate
dependence between the duration of smoking and the degree of progression
of the pathological process of cervix (r=0.4176, p<0.0001), which
indicates a tendency to increase the incidence of cervical diseases with
long-term smoking. Tobacco smoking for more than 7 years was chosen as a
factor in the progression of the neoplastic cervical process in
connection with the highest possible RR compared to other similar
indicators, and also taking into account the fact that the lower limit
of 95% CI is higher than 1, which indicates the statistical significance
of this factor. According to numerous studies, smoking women compared
with non-smokers are 2-3 times higher risk of developing cervical cancer
[12].</p><p>Noteworthy data on infections in the examined patients. The most
significant increase in the frequency of mixed infections (combination
of 3 or more) in the comparison groups from 1 (3.1%) to 5 (72.7%) in the
examined patients was revealed; (p <0.05), as well as recurrent
bacterial vaginosis in the same comparison groups in 1 (9.4%) and 5
(86.4%); (p <0.05). Mixed infection factors (a combination of 3 or
more) and recurrent bacterial vaginosis due to the highest RR and a CI
above 1 were evaluated as statistically significant. The findings of
other studies indicate that the presence of mixed infections can
contribute to the development of dystrophic changes in stratified
squamous epithelium, disruption of intercellular contacts, leukocyte and
lymphocytic infiltration of the stroma [13]. A systematic review by
Murta et al. [14] confirms the significant association between bacterial
vaginosis and CIN [14].</p><p>In our own study, a high frequency of chronic cervicitis was found in
women with CIN II (58.7%), CIN III (59.5%) and squamous cervical cancer
(86,4%); (p<0.05) relative to this condition in the comparison
groups, which, along with the indicators of RR and CI, made it possible
to identify chronic cervicitis as a risk factor for the progression of
cervical pathology. According to Lebedeva et al. [15], in 47.1% of
patients with chronic cervicitis there is a high frequency of infection
with HPV-BP. According to several other authors, chronic cervicitis is
one of the main exogenous factors contributing to the development of
dysplasia and cervical cancer [16].</p><p>When analyzing the characteristics of sexual life and contraception
in the examined women, statistically significant indicators of the early
onset of sexual activity (up to 18 years of age, without the use of
barrier contraception) and the number of sexual partners more than 7
(from the moment of the onset of sexual activity) in women 4 (38, 1%)
and 5 (36.4%) groups compared with similar indicators in patients of
groups 1, 2 and 3 (9.4%, 16.3% and 21.7%, respectively); (p<0.05).
The calculation of the RR factor of the number of sexual partners of
more than 7 (since the onset of sexual activity) and the onset of sexual
activity up to 18 years (without the use of barrier contraception) made
it possible to single out this factor as a statistically significant
criterion in the progression of cervical pathology. The relationship
between HPV infection and promiscuous sexual life has been noted in
other studies [1].</p><p>The analysis of the clinical picture in patients with pathological
processes of cervix shows that the clinical symptoms in patients with
cervical diseases are usually due to the presence of a combined uterine
pathology (endo- and myometrium). The combination of uterine fibroids
with adenomyosis and/or endometrial hyperplastic process in patients
with CIN III (47.6%) and cervical cancer (59.1%) was much more frequent
compared with the incidence of combined uterine pathology in women of
comparison groups; (p<0.05). This fact, apparently, is due to the
mutually stimulating effect of pathological processes of endo- and
myometrium on the state of cervix, which is realized through the
mechanisms of intercellular interactions of growth factors. According to
Sidorova et al. [16], there are significant differences in the
incidence of CIN in women with combined uterine pathology compared with
isolated uterus pathology (p<0.001), where the relative risk of CIN
in women with combined uterine diseases (uterine fibroids, adenomyosis,
endometrial hyperplasia) is 62 times higher than women with any isolated
uterine disease [16].</p><p>Our study revealed the persistence of HPV-BP in 80 women (43.2%), the
viral load of HPV-BP more than 105 genomic equivalents in 83 women
(44.9%), as well as the simultaneous combination of two or more types of
HPV-VR infection in 96 women (51.9%). An analysis of HPV infection and
the calculation of RR allowed us to determine the persistence of HPVR,
the viral load of HPV-HR more than 105 genomic equivalents, and the
simultaneous combination of two or more types of HPV-HR as significant
factors in the progression of the neoplastic process. Literature data
indicate that one-year or two-year persistence, especially HPV type 16,
is a high-risk factor for the development of CIN 3 or 3+ [1]. In the
study Rogovskaya et al. [1] combined HPV infection is more common in
patients with HSIL (58%) than in patients with latent papilloma-virus
infection (PVI) and LSIL (46%) [1]. Data from other literature sources
also indicate that viral load is associated with a degree of CIN but
indicating that viral load as the only marker for determining the risk
of neoplastic transformation is not sufficiently informative [1,16].</p><p>An assessment of the cases of a morphologically verified CIN in the
anamnesis (this fact was recorded when requesting paraffin blocks and
reviewing the “glasses” of the preparation) revealed its statistical
significance with respect to the possible progression of the
pathological process of CM in 4 (28.6%) and 5 (31.8%) groups compared
with the other three groups (3.1%, 9.3% and 15.2%, respectively); (p
<0.05).</p><p>Thus, the results of clinical and medical history and diagnostic
features in the studied groups of patients allowed us to determine
statistically significant risk factors for the development of malignant
transformation of CM. To further, improve the approach to the formation
of high cancer risk groups. We carried out the next stage of the study,
aimed at identifying pathogenic risk factors for the development of
cervical cancer, by a detailed analysis of the molecular biological
characteristics of acetylation and methylation with the above clinical
risk factors in pathological processes of cervical cancer associated
with HPV.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The most clinically and statistically significant risk factors
(in terms of significance) of the progression of the pathological
process associated with HPV and the risk of developing malignant
transformation of the cervix uteri are (with the highest possible
RR>1 and with a lower limit of 95% CI>1): high virus HPV an
oncogenic risk of more than 105 genomic equivalents; HPV
persistence of high oncogenic risk; previously morphologically
verified CIN; sexually transmitted mixed infections (3 or more);
recurrent bacterial vaginosis; traumatic injuries of the cervix
(postpartum, post abortion); age more than 40 years; early onset
of regular sexual activity (up to 18 years) without the use of barrier
methods of contraception; more than 7 sexual partners (since the
sexual debut); the simultaneous combination of two or more types
of HPV high oncogenic risk; chronic cervicitis; hereditary burden of
cancer of the organs of the reproductive system; hereditary burden
of common oncological diseases; a combination of uterine fibroids
with adenomyosis and/or endometrial hyperplastic process;
smoking.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Materials and Methods">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Research Results and Discussion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li>Rogovskaya SI, Lipova EV (2014) Cervix vagina, vulva. A Guide for Doctors, p. 830.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25335396/">Korolenkova LI
(2014) Clinical and morphological conception of the occurrence and
course of severe CIN. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 6: 18-22.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653354">Ulrich D,
Tamussino K, Petru E, Haas J, Reich O (2012) Conization of the uterine
cervix: does the level of gynecologist's training predict margin status?
Int J Gynecol Pathol 31(4): 382-386.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124661">BarrowTM, Michels KB (2014) Epigenetic epidemiology of cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 455(1-2): 70-83.</a></li>
<li>Kiselev VI, Drukh VM, Kuznetsov IN, Muizhnek EL, Apolikhina IA, et
al. (2014) Evaluation of the effectiveness of drug therapy of cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia of mild to moderate severity with Cervicon-DIM
suppositories (interim results of a clinical trial). Gynecology 6:
58-62.</li>
<li>WHO (2014) Classification of tumors of female reproductive organs is
the sixth volume in the Fourth Edition of the WHO series on
histological and genetic typing of human tumors? In: Robert JK, Maria
LC, Herrington s, et al. (Eds.), Young (4<sup>th</sup> edn), Switzerland, p. 316.</li>
<li>WHO (2003) Pathology and genetics of tumors of the breast and female
genital organs (IARC who classification of tumors)? Lyon, France.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431528/">Saslow D,
Solomon D, Lawson HW, Killackey M, Kulasingam SL, et al. (2012) American
cancer society, American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology,
and American society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for
the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol
137(4): 516-542.</a></li>
<li>Nazarova NM, Prilepskaya VN, Sulamanidze LA, Mzarelua GM, Bestaeva
NV (2013) Papillomavirus infection: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment.
Attending Physician 11: 15-18.</li>
<li>Prilepskaya VN, Bebneva TN (2011) Primary prevention of cervical cancer: Achievements and prospects. Farmateka 13: 42-46.</li>
<li>Radzinsky VE (2013) Problems of diagnosis and treatment of diseases
of the cervix, vagina and vulva VE Radzinsky. Post-release and materials
of the scientific program of the International Interdisciplinary Forum
“Cervix and Vulvovaginal Diseases”. M: Editorial Office of the Journal
Status Praises, p. 3-4.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22847263/">Mirabello L,
Schiffman M, Ghosh A, Rodriguez AC, Vasiljevic N, et al. (2013) Elevated
methylation of HPV16 DNA is associated with the development of high
grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 132(6):
1412-1422.</a></li>
<li>Strizhakov AN, Belotserkovtseva LD, Budanov PV (2014) A systematic
approach to the selection of a clinical solution for vulvovaginal
infections. Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology 1: 60-66.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10887386/">Murta EF, Souza MA, Araújo E, Adad SJ (2000) Incidence of <em>Gardnerella vaginalis</em>, <em>Candida SP</em> and human papilloma virus in cytological smears. Sao Paulo Med J 118(4): 105-108.</a></li>
<li>Lebedeva LM (2009) Papillomavirus infection in inflammatory diseases of the cervix. Pathogenetic Approaches to Treatment, p. 22.</li>
<li>Sidorova IS, Unanyan AL, Zaletaev AV, Sha S, Zholobova MN, et al.
(2012) The role of microsatellite instability of the genome in diseases
of the cervix uteri in women with uterine myoma, adenomyosis,
endometrial hyperplasia and their combination. Russian Journal of
Obstetrician Gynecologist 4: 13-16.</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/fulltext/IGRWH.000568.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/fulltext/IGRWH.000568.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/igrwh/</a></span></div></div><strong class="color-blue"></strong>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-31487555987934168902022-08-15T04:26:00.004-07:002022-08-15T04:26:43.674-07:00Seasonal Abundance and Species Composition of Cetacean Caught as By-Catch by Artisanal Driftnet Off the Niger Delta Nigeria_Crimson Publishers<p>Seasonal Abundance and Species
Composition of Cetacean Caught as By-Catch
by Artisanal Driftnet Off the Niger Delta
Nigeria by Ana Rita
Onodera Palmeira Nunes in Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography_<a class="attribute-value">ocean modelling journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixI_whhXTuHYmgm44fmkXavSNg2mmNt6GOmCvcOShwfqY2bPbSSMSAGSH1RWypHc5oqUWrK_PyHwVio6lSmQkk6xyt5Wx934_XAMVcc3Fk9Ohfi5LLRgU-w5Rbq0T0CMWGvRv_R0LBZw7pWreRHTEdca28ql7dCnQoVoHXe6GYuUpWjtlG6d6Vx-r2fQ/s472/Marine%20Biology%20and%20Oceanography.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="472" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixI_whhXTuHYmgm44fmkXavSNg2mmNt6GOmCvcOShwfqY2bPbSSMSAGSH1RWypHc5oqUWrK_PyHwVio6lSmQkk6xyt5Wx934_XAMVcc3Fk9Ohfi5LLRgU-w5Rbq0T0CMWGvRv_R0LBZw7pWreRHTEdca28ql7dCnQoVoHXe6GYuUpWjtlG6d6Vx-r2fQ/s320/Marine%20Biology%20and%20Oceanography.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>A total of 315 dolphins were captured as by-catch, during the 575
fishing trips between 2017 and 2018, in two-landing sites (Imbikiri,
Bayelsa State and Finima River State) offshore the Niger Delta Nigeria.
The catches which consisted of 6 different species of cetacean , the
short-beaked common dolphin (<em>Delphinus delphis</em>), the Risso’s dolphin (<em>Grampus griseus</em>), the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (<em>Tursiops truncatus</em>), the Atlantic spotted dolphin (<em>Stenella frontalis</em>), Fraser’s dolphin (<em>Lagenodelphis hosei</em>). and the Long beak dolphin (<em>Delphinus Capensis</em>).
The rainy season (April to August) recorded higher Cetacean catches
than during the dry season (January, February, March, October, November
and December). The short beaked dolphin (<em>Delphinus delphis),</em> was the most abundant (over 56%) during dry and wet seasons while the least abundant was Risso dolphin (<em>Grampus griseus</em>)
about 6% during the dry and wet seasons. The variable seasonal
abundance and species composition of cetacean observed in this study
could provide benchmarks for the sustainability of cetacean species
abundance of variability in the Niger Delta and more so in the Gulf of
Guinea.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cetacean; Drift net; Catch composition; Artisanal fisheries</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The Niger Delta is the second largest delta region in the world with a
coastline of about 450 kilometers and area of about 70,000km<sup>2</sup>
and makes up 7.5% of Nigeria's land. The delta has been described as
the largest wetland in Africa and among the three largest in the world
Whiteman [1]. Their major occupation is fishing (Figure 1). The Niger
Delta is a rich fishing ground in Nigeria. Fisheries studies especially
dealing with Cetaceans studies in the Niger Delta have been scarce in
recent times. This is primarily because most information on cetaceans
have been obtained from fishermen, who are known to catch dolphin
species through bycatch. Dolphins in the Niger Delta reportedly prefer
shallow coastal and estuarine waters of less than 20m depth or more,
especially during the bonga season (their prey) from February to June.
Dolphins captured around Brass Island in the Niger Delta where they are
known to feed on adult bonga, mackerels, and ‘jellyfish’ occur Michael
[2].</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Map of Nigeria showing the study area within the Niger Delta.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>Artisanal fisheries target primarily small coastal pelagic, such as the herring species called bonga <em>(Ethmalosa fimbriata) </em>and <em>Sardinella</em>.
Most artisanal canoes range in size from 7-12m and are powered by 9.5
to 40 horsepower outboard engine. The gears used include gill nets,
drift net, beach seines, large meshed shark drift nets, hooks and
longlines Nedelec [3] & Nadreev [4]. The artisanal fisheries
unintentionally catch marine mammals like killer whales, dolphins, and
sperm whales. Rutherford [5].</p><h4>Study Methods</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The study was carried out for 2 years (January 2018 to
December 2019) during the 575 fishing trips between 2017 and
2018, in two-landing sites (Imbikiri Bayelsa State and Finima River
State) offshore the Niger Delta Nigeria. Migrant Ghanaians (8 fisher
men) and 2 observers were employed to assist in sample collection.
Fishing was done two to four times in a month with two or four
operational net casts made per trip using drift gill nets. Cetacean
by catch from catches were sorted and recorded afterwards. By
catch parameters like length were determined by electronic digital
caliper, measuring tape and digital thickness. Fishing depth ranges
from 11-2460m.</p><h4>Results</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong>Cetacean abundance</strong></p><p>A total of 315 dolphins were captured by the drift net during the 575
fishing trips within the study period of 2017 and 2018, in the
two-landing sites (Imbikiri in Bayelsa State and Finima int River state
Nigeria). Figure 2 & 3 shows the monthly catches of the cetacean
caught during the study period. The rainy season (April to August)
recorded higher, than Cetacean catches during the dry season (January,
February, March, October, November and December). Cetacean total catch
peaked during the months of July and August (peak of wet season) in both
2017 and 2018. September and October (onset of dry season) no catch.
While the months of November showed the least catches. A slight increase
in total abundant catch was observed in the months of December to March
(the real dry season).</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Number of cetaceans caught throughout the
period 2017.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Study Methods">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Results">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Number of cetaceans caught throughout the
period 2018.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Cetacean species abundance</strong></p><p>Throughout the study period from 2017/2018, the most abundance (56%)
is short beaked dolphin, followed by spotted dolphin (13%), long beak
dolphin was 10%, Freser dolphin 8%, bottle nose was 7% and the least
abundance was Risso dolphin 6% (Figure 4). During the dry seasons of
2017 and 2018 (Figures 5-8), the short beaked dolphin showed the highest
percentage caught while the least were the Bottle nose and Risso’s
dolphin. The wet season of 2017 and 2018 also showed the short beaked
dolphin specie as the highest while the least was the Risso dolphin.</p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> The percentages of the six different species in
the period of the two years study (2017/2018).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 5:</strong> The percentages of the six different species in
the period of the two years study (2017/2018).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G005.png" title="Click here to view Large image 5" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 6:</strong> Seasonal Cetacean species abundance of wet
season in the month of April, May, June, July, August
and September 2017.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G006.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G006.png" title="Click here to view Large image 6" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 7:</strong> Seasonal Cetacean species abundance of
dry season in the month of January, February, March,
October, November and December 2018.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G007.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G007.png" title="Click here to view Large image 7" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 8:</strong> Seasonal species abundance of cetacean
during the wet season in the month of April, May, June,
July, August and September 2018.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G008.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/images/EIMBO.000566.G008.png" title="Click here to view Large image 8" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Every year, at least 7.3 million tons of marine mammals are
caught incidentally by drift net, purse seine (Rutherford-Fortunati,
2014). The seasonal abundance observed in this study could be due
to a variety of reasons. This could be due to the availability of preys
for the dolphins, the physicochemical parameters of the water,
abundance of nutrients etc. The wet season when Cetaceans are
most abundant could be attributed to higher primary productivity
characteristics like increased dissolved oxygen, transparency, total
dissolved solid, increased pH values and increased zooplankton
and phytoplankton species Ndebele [6]. This conclusion however
needs further studies to show probable links between species
abundance and seasonal variability of physicochemical parameters
and nutrients in the waters in the Niger Delta.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This study shows the abundance and species variability of
cetacean bycatch in the Niger Delta fishing ground. It also provides
information that may highlight the dangers inherent in fishing
methods that could eventually lead to the mortality of some
cetacean species. Further studies will however be required to
assist in measures necessary for the biodiversity conservation of
Cetaceans.</p><h4>Acknowledgement</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Our appreciation goes to Professor Larry Awosika for his
critical review. We are also grateful to the management and staff
of the Nigeria Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research for
their assistance during the study. Lastly, we appreciate the local
fishermen and others who provided local logistics in the study area.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Discussion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Acknowledgement">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li>Whiteman A (1982) Nigeria: Its petroleum geology, resources and potential. 1: 238.</li>
<li>Michael U, Koen V (2010) Initial evidence of dolphin takes in the
Niger Delta Region and review of Nigerian Cetaceans. Wetland
International Nigeria, Conservation and Research of West Africa Aquatic
Mammals, Ghana, p. 1883.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.fao.org/3/t0367t/t0367t00.htm">Nedelec C (1990) Definition and classification of fishing gear categories. Rome, p. 92.</a></li>
<li>Nadreev N (1996) Handbook of fishing gear and it is rigging. Jerusalem Programm for Scientific Translations, p. 454.</li>
<li><a href="https://gentleworld.org/commerical-fishing-methods-behind-the-madness/">Rutherford F (2014) Commercial fishing: Methods behind the madness. Retrieved from Be fair to Be Vegan.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/lre.12005">Ndebele
MR, Musil CF, Kaitt L (2012) Phytoplankton biomass and primary
production dynamics in lake Kariba. In Lake and Reservoirs Research and
Management 17(4): 274-289.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/fulltext/EIMBO.000566.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/fulltext/EIMBO.000566.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>ocean modelling journals</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"></span></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-54524052004499634982022-08-11T05:10:00.003-07:002022-08-11T05:10:33.350-07:00Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of LASSA Outbreaks in Nigeria States_Crimson Publishers<p>Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of
LASSA Outbreaks in Nigeria States by Samuel
Oluwafemi OYAMAKIN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease_<a class="attribute-value">Infectious disease Journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi9qe6zzjd2VdIMA6AfqV04XyrwOBHB5045-T-QzfMh-agECHqOfs-VQfR5nbr7rMBExKgQ81nuoH6tyXa_byCDX3nx9B33p1rBQ4E4sRL-JLF5oCskLjYyojzAj2s_zF5o2MtHLj_GYuMzR1y1xRnnhcMOkzNSsUZ0dPt08hVTriSYLBhJ5y0P9S4NQ/s519/Cohesive%20Journal%20of%20microbiology%20&%20infectious%20disease.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="519" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi9qe6zzjd2VdIMA6AfqV04XyrwOBHB5045-T-QzfMh-agECHqOfs-VQfR5nbr7rMBExKgQ81nuoH6tyXa_byCDX3nx9B33p1rBQ4E4sRL-JLF5oCskLjYyojzAj2s_zF5o2MtHLj_GYuMzR1y1xRnnhcMOkzNSsUZ0dPt08hVTriSYLBhJ5y0P9S4NQ/s320/Cohesive%20Journal%20of%20microbiology%20&%20infectious%20disease.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>A nonlinear deterministic model was considered to study the dynamics transmission and control of
LASSA fever virus. The total population was divided into seven mutually exclusive classes between human
and rodents as susceptible human, exposed humans, infected human, removed human, susceptible
rodents, exposed rodents and infected rodents. Existence and uniqueness of the solution of the model
were determined, the basic reproduction number is derived the model threshold parameter was
examined using next-generation operator method. The existence of disease-free equilibrium point and
endemic equilibrium point was carried out. The model result shows that diseases free equilibrium is
local asymptotically stable at Ro< 1 and unstable at Ro> 1, the model is globally asymptotically stable.
Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was carried out in order to identify the most sensitive
parameters on the disease transmission using data from the Nigeria States.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> Nigeria; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/">Infectious diseases</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/">LASSA Virus</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/">Transmission dynamics</a>; Disease free equilibrium</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This paper aimed at investigating LASSA through the dynamics of
various factors that contribute in every stage of its transmission using
a mathematical compartmental model based on data from the Nigerian
states. LASSA Fever (LF) is an acute and sometimes severe viral
hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. The earliest cases of LASSA
fever were thought to have occurred between 1920 and 1950, in Nigeria,
Sierra Leone and Central African Republic and perhaps in other West
African countries. However, the disease was first recognized in Nigeria
in 1969, Ms. Lily (Penny) Pinneo (not real names), who was the first
documented case of LF and from whom the first LASSA Fever Virus (LASV)
was isolated in 1969. LASV is a single stranded RNA virus belonging to
the Arenaviridae family of viruses. The virus is often named hemorrhagic
fever virus because of the tendency to cause bleeding from body
orifices. Sequencing of the small segment of the RNA of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/">LASV </a>has
revealed the presence of four major lineages in West Africa with three
in Nigeria (lineages I, II, and III) and one in the area comprising
Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea (lineage IV). Various
viral strains have been associated with these major lineages with
differences in their genome, serologic, and pathogenic characteristics.
In Nigeria, mastomys natalensis have been identified by various names in
some local languages including Eeku Asin (Yoruba), Jagba (Hausa),
Nkapia or Nkakwu- (Igbo), and Isun (Kolokuma Ijaw) [1-10].</p><p><strong>Infectious disease modelling</strong></p><p>The central idea about transmission models, as opposed to statistical
models, is a mechanistic description of the transmission of infection
between two individuals. This mechanistic description makes it possible
to describe the time evolution of an epidemic in mathematical terms and
in this way connect the individual level process of transmission with a
population level description of incidence and prevalence of an
infectious disease. The rigorous mathematical way of formulating these
dependencies leads to the necessity of analyzing all dynamic processes
that contribute to disease transmission in much detail. Therefore,
developing a mathematical model helps to focus thoughts on the essential
processes involved in shaping the epidemiology of an infectious disease
and to reveal the parameters that are most influential and amenable for
control. Mathematical modeling is then also integrative in combining
knowledge from very different disciplines like microbiology, social
sciences, and clinical sciences. For many infections-such as influenza
and smallpox-individuals can be categorized as either “susceptible,”
“infected” or “recovered and immune.” The susceptible that are affected
by an epidemic move through these stages of infection.</p><p><strong>Compartmental models in epidemiology</strong></p><p>Compartmental models are a technique used to simplify the
mathematical modelling of infectious disease. The population is divided
into compartments, with the assumption that every individual in the same
compartment has the same characteristics. Its origin is in the early 20<sup>th</sup>
century, with an important early work being that of Kermack and
McKendrick in 1927. The models are usually investigated through ordinary
differential equations (which are deterministic), but can also be
viewed in a stochastic framework, which is more realistic but also more
complicated to analyze. Compartmental models may be used to predict
properties of how a disease spreads, for example the prevalence (total
number of infected) or the duration of an epidemic. Also, the model
allows for understanding how different situations may affect the outcome
of the epidemic, e.g., what the most efficient technique is for issuing
a limited number of vaccines in a given population (Figure 1).</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Common compartmental models in infectious disease modeling.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Framework for modeling for LASSA transmission dynamics</strong></p><p>LASSA fever model presented in this study incorporates a model for
the reservoir, which is Susceptible, exposed and infectious. This is
done based on the assumption that susceptible rodent becomes exposed and
then progress to infectious stage when they share unprotected storage
of garbage, food stuff and water with infectious rodents or from
inhalation of aerosols from urine and feces. These infected rats
eventually tend to infect humans by direct contact or by inhalation of
air follicles from dead infected rodents. It is also important to note
that the existence of the exposed compartment is because of the
incubation time that is the time it takes for an infected human to
become infectious, which is twenty-one days for LASSA fever virus
(Figure 2).</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> The SEIR model dynamics.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Methodology</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>LASSA fever model presented in this study incorporates
diagnostic factor, γ(ai)α1(ai)Eh(t,ai) (since early diagnostic enables
treatment, that is 6 days after infection) and vaccination parameter
(νh)which are critical for prediction and the need of extensions
to enhance their predictive power for decision support; also a
subdivision of rodent compartment called susceptible, exposed
and infectious rodent with discrete age structure denoted by
Sr(t,ej), Er(t,ej) and Ir(t,ej) respectively. This is done based on the
assumption that susceptible rodent becomes exposed and then
progress to infectious stage when they share unprotected storage
of garbage, food stuff and water with infectious rodents or from
inhalation of aerosols from urine and faeces [11-18].</p><p><strong>Parameters</strong></p><ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Recruitment term of humans Λ<sub>h</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Effective transmission rate in susceptible humans by infected rodents ρ(ai)</li>
<li>Effective transmission rate in susceptible humans by infected humans η(ai)</li>
<li>Treatment rate of exposed humans α<sub>1</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Treatment rate of infected humans α<sub>2</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Rate of inoculation κ(ai)</li>
<li>Progression rate of humans from the exposed state to the infectious state ε<sub>h</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Diagnostic factor of exposed humans γ(ai)</li>
<li>proportion of effective treatment of infected humans ψ(ai)</li>
<li>Natural death rate of humans µ<sub>h</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Progression rate of reservoirs from the exposed state to infectious state ε<sub>r</sub>(ai)</li>
<li>Effective transmission rate in susceptible reservoirs by infected reservoirs β(ej)</li>
<li>Disease induced death rate of humans δ<sub>h</sub>(ej)</li>
<li>Mortality of reservoirs due to hunting δ<sub>r</sub>(ej)</li>
<li>Natural death rate reservoirs µ<sub>r</sub>(ej)</li>
<li>Recruitment term of reservoirs Λ<sub>r</sub>(ej)</li>
</ol><p>We assume that the population is closed i.e. it is assumed that
individuals who recovered from LASSA fever will never go back to
susceptible class again (they remain recovered for life). The
assumptions above suggest that LASV can only be transmitted from: (i)
human to human (ii) rodent to human (iii) rodent to rodent, and as a
result, we have the following schematic diagram and system of nonlinear
ordinary differential equation (Figure 3).</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Schematic diagram of transmission dynamics of Lassa fever</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Methodology">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> Multiple bar chart of the behavior of R0 in every state at varying intervention levels</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Figure 4 explains the behavior of R0 at varying intervention
levels, explained earlier in Table 3. This implies that at low
intervention, Edo and Ondo has their R0 greater than 1, which
implies instability in the states. This could be accounted for by
the proximity between the two states (Edo state shares boundary
with Ondo state). Furthermore, R0 is stable at both moderate
intervention and high intervention in other states. This means
that at moderate intervention, Lassa fever dies off gradually over
a while.</p><p><strong>Attached separately to keep the formatting intact</strong></p><p>Formulating the Compartment into Differential Equation</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E001.png" /></p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Existence and positivity of solution</strong>
</a></p><p>Since the formulated models monitor changes in the human
and rodent populations; the parameters are assumed to ber
nonnegative for all t ≥ 0, therefore the system of equations in (1)
to (7) was analyzed within a feasible region R of biological interest.
Theorem 1: The feasible region R defined by {Sh(t,ai),Eh(t,ai),Ih
(t,ai),Rh (t,ai),Sr(t,ej),Er(t,ej),Ir(t,ej) ∈ R<sup>7</sup> :</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E002.png" /></p><p>with initial conditions Sh(0,ai) ≥ 0,Eh(0,ai) ≥ 0,Ih(0,ai) ≥
0,Rh(0,ai) ≥ 0,Sr(0,ej) ≥ 0,Er(0,ej) ≥ 0,Ir(0,ej) ≥ 0 is positive invariant
for system (1) through (7).</p><p><b>Proof:</b> If the total population size is given by</p><p><i>Nh(t, ai) = Sh(t, ai) + Eh(t, ai) + Ih(t, ai) + Rh(t, ai)</i> and the total size of
rodent population is</p><p><i>Nr(t, ej) = Sr(t, ej) + Er(t, ej) + Ir(t, ej)</i></p><p>Then one sees from (1) through (7) that</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E003.png" /></p><p>Considering the above equations as a linear differential we have
that:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E004.png" /></p><p>Solving the differential inequalities (8) and (9) one after the
other gives</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E005.png" /></p><p>so that</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E006.png" /></p><p>this implies</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E007.png" /></p><p>and</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E008.png" /></p><p>so that</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E009.png" /></p><p>this implies</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0010.png" /></p><p>Taking the limits as t → ∞ gives</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0011.png" /></p><p>and</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0012.png" /></p><p>Thus, the following feasible region</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0013.png" /></p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Stability of the disease-free equilibrium</strong>
</a></p><p>A disease-free equilibrium point is a steady-state solution
where there is no LASSA fever infection. Solving the system of
equation (3.1)-(3.7) in the absence of disease, we obtain the
following equilibrium point,</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0014.png" /></p><p>We obtain a basic reproduction number R0 by expressing
(1) to (7) as the difference between the rate of new infections in
each infected compartment denoted by F and the rate of transfer
between each infected compartment denoted by G</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0015.png" /></p><p>The Jacobian matrices J<sub>F</sub> and J<sub>G</sub> of F and G are found about π0
Where, T = J<sub>F</sub>J-1<sub>G</sub>
From the Jacobian matrices J<sub>F</sub> and J<sub>G</sub> of F and G found about π0,
we have R<sub>0</sub>, the maximum eigenvalue of T</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0016.png" /></p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Local stability of a disease-free equilibrium</strong>
</a></p><p><strong>Theorem 2:</strong> The disease-free equilibrium for the system (1) -
(7) is locally asymptotically stable if R<sub>0</sub>(ai)<1 and unstable if R<sub>0</sub>(ai)
>1.
<strong>Proof:</strong>. The Jacobian of system (1) through (7) evaluated at the
disease-free equilibrium point is</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0017.png" /></p><p>The first, fourth and fifth columns have diagonal entries, therefore the diagonal entries −µ<sub>h</sub>(ai) twice and −µ<sub>r</sub>(e<sub>j</sub>) − δ<sub>j</sub> (e<sub>j</sub>) are three of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix i.e λ1 =−µ<sub>h</sub>(a<sub>i</sub>), λ2 = −µ<sub>h</sub>(a<sub>i</sub>) and λ3 = −µ<sub>r</sub>(e<sub>j</sub>) − δ<sub>r</sub>(e<sub>j</sub>)
. Thus, we find the remaining eigenvalues by excluding the corresponding
columns and rows. The remaining eigenvalues are obtained from the
submatrix</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0018.png" /></p><p>The eigenvalues of the matrix J<sub>2</sub>(π<sub>0</sub>) are the roots of the characteristic equation</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0019.png" /></p><p>Further simplification of c <sub>0</sub> in terms of R <sub>0</sub>(a) gives</p><p>C0 = b<sub>1</sub>b<sub>2</sub> (1 − R<sub>0</sub> (a))</p><p>The Routh-Hurwitz criterion follows since all the roots of the
polynomial (6) have negative real part if and only if the coefficient ci
are positive and matrices Hi>0 for i = 0,1,2. From (7) it is shown
that c<sub>1</sub>>0 and c<sub>2</sub>>0 since all b′ is are positive. Moreover, if R<sub>0</sub>(a)<1 it is follows from (8) that c<sub>0</sub>>0. All the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices J(π<sub>0</sub>) have negative real part when R<sub>0</sub>(a)<1 and the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable. However, when R<sub>0</sub>(a)>1, we see that c<sub>0</sub><0 and by Descartes’ rule of signs ,there is exactly one sign change in the c<sub>2</sub>,c<sub>1</sub>,c<sub>0</sub>
of coefficient of the polynomial (6). So, there is one eigenvalue with
the positive real part and the disease-free equilibrium point is
unstable. At this juncture, we can now infer from the equation (8) that
there exists a c<sub>0</sub> such that and since R<sub>0</sub>(a) majorizes R<sub>0</sub>(a<sub>i</sub>) the system (1) - (7) is locally asymptotically stable if R<sub>0</sub>(ai)<1 and unstable if R<sub>0</sub>(a<sub>i</sub>)>1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Existence of endemic equilibrium</strong>
</a></p><p>We shall use the theorem below to show that the developed
model (1) - (7) has an endemic equilibrium point Ee. The endemic
equilibrium point is a positive steady state solution when the
disease persists in the population. Theorem 3: LASSA fever model
(1) - (7) has no endemic equilibrium when R0(a)<1 and a unique
endemic equilibrium exist when R0(a)>1.</p><p>Proof: Let <i>Ee = (sh*, Eh*, Ih*, Rh*, Sr*, Er*, Ir*, )</i> be a non-trivial equilibrium of
system (1) - (7) i.e. all component of Ee are positive. At the steady
state, we get</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0020.png" /></p><p>It is clearly seen that K<sub>1</sub>>0. When R<sub>0</sub>(a)<1 , one sees that K<sub>2</sub>>0. However, when R<sub>0</sub>(a)>1, then K<sub>2</sub><0 and endemic equilibrium exists. Finally, K<sub>3</sub><0 if d<sub>1</sub><(d<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>3</sub>).</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Sensitivity analysis</strong>
</a></p><p>Sensitivity analysis is a statistical technique that can be applied
to mathematical or computational models to provide insight on
how uncertainty in the input variables affect the model outputs and
which input variables tend to drive variation in the outputs. For
models such as this infectious disease model, where the output is
intended to inform decision-makers, uncertainty in the output can
be disconcerting, as a single value is not given. However, the benefit
is that a range of output values reveals a suite of possible model
outcomes. It is sometimes of value to put in place robust policies
that avoid the worst that can happen, although the policies may
not achieve optimal results. If mitigating policies and alternatives
are included and parameterized within the model, then sensitivity
analysis can provide estimates of how responsive key output
measures are with respect to these inputs. Sensitivity analysis tells
us how important each parameter is to disease transmission. Such
information is crucial not only for experimental design, but also
to data assimilation and reduction of complex nonlinear models.
Sensitivity analysis is commonly used to determine the robustness
of model predictions to parameter values, since there are usually
errors in data collection and presumed parameter values [19-24].
It is used to discover parameters that have a high impact on and
should be targeted by intervention strategies. Sensitivity indices
allow us to measure the relative change in a variable when a
parameter changes. The normalized forward sensitivity index of
a variable with respect to a parameter is the ratio of the relative
change in the variable to the relative change in the parameter.
When the variable is a differentiable function of the parameter,
the sensitivity index may be alternatively defined using partial
derivatives. Here, we present the sensitivity analysis of our Model
using the formula given as</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.E0021.png" /></p><p>From the equations above, the most sensitive parameters are
η(a<sub>1</sub>) and ε<sub>h</sub> which are Effective transmission rate in susceptible
humans by infected humans and Progression rate of humans from
the exposed state to the infectious state respectively. This implies
that an increase or decrease in these parameters will cause an
instability in R<sub>0</sub>, as a result of its direct effect on R<sub>0</sub>.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Data presentation and analysis</strong>
</a></p><p>The data below was extracted from the National Center
of Disease Control’s weekly Epidemiological Report on LF up
till February 2019. Susceptible is the population of the state
where LASSA fever has Incidence, Exposed is a percentage of the
susceptible which is a function of effective transmission rate,
Infected is a population reported confirmed, while death, is the
death of confirmed cases (Figures 4-9); (Tables 1-4).</p><p><strong>Figure 5:</strong> Multiple bar chart illustrating the behavior of R0 for every state at varying intervention levels.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G005.png" title="Click here to view Large image 5" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 6:</strong> Simple bar chart illustrating R0 at low intervention for every state at varying intervention levels.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G006.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G006.png" title="Click here to view Large image 6" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Considering Figure 6 above, at low intervention, Lassa fever
becomes epidemic at Edo and Ondo state, while the Ro is less than
1for other states which implies stability.</p><p><strong>Figure 7:</strong> Simple bar chart illustrating R0 at moderate intervention for every state at varying intervention levels.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G007.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G007.png" title="Click here to view Large image 7" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Considering Figure 7 above, at moderate intervention, Lassa
fever becomes stable with the Ro is less than 1 for all states which
implies stability.</p><p><strong>Figure 8:</strong> Simple bar chart illustrating R0 at maximum intervention for every state at varying intervention levels.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G008.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G008.png" title="Click here to view Large image 8" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Considering Figure 8 above, at high intervention, Lassa fever
becomes stable with the Ro as low as 0.11 for all states which
implies stability.</p><p><strong>Figure 9:</strong> Case fatality of LASSA Across The Nigerian State.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G009.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G009.png" title="Click here to view Large image 9" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Figure 9 explains case fatality as the percentage of
those that are infected that eventually die. It is important
to note that Kano, Rivers, Cross Rivers, Borno, Kwara, Benue, Imo,
Abia and Adamawa, has 100% fatality with low case of incidence,
while compared to states like Edo states,Ogun state, with higher
cases of incedence have low case fatality. This could only be pointed
to the factor of proximity to diagnostic centers, which exists only in
three states in Nigeria. Literarily cases that occur in states closer to
diagnostics centers gets fast intervention, as the disease can easily
be diagnosed, and detected.</p><p><strong>Figure 10:</strong> The distribution of confirmed Lassa fever cases in Nigeria.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G0010.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/images/CJMI.000568.G0010.png" title="Click here to view Large image 10" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Figure 10 above validates the first discovery that proximity
to diagnostic center affect the case fatality of Lassa fever patient.
Population of confirmed cases are more in Edo and Ondo state,
which are closer to Lagos Diagnostic center, while places like
Plateau, Bauchi, Gombe, are closer to irrua Diagnostic center at Jos.</p><p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Extracted Data from the National Center of Disease Control (NCDC) and Susceptible is the population of
the state where Lassa fever has Incidence, Exposed is a percentage of the susceptible which is a function of effective
transmission rate, Infected is a population reported confirmed, while death, is the death of confirmed cases.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T001.png" title="Click here to view Large table 1" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Table 2:</strong> Parameter structure used in the models and their sources and explains the values of parameters used in the
estimation of R<sub>0</sub>.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T002.png" title="Click here to view Large table 2" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Table 3:</strong> Basic Reproduction number obtained across the state at three different levels of parameter and iterates the
estimates of R<sub>0</sub> gotten from the data collected from NCDC and parameters in Table 2.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T003.png" title="Click here to view Large table 3" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Table 4:</strong> Assumed Parameters of R0 at three different levels
and above explains the varying degrees of interventions to
reduce/stop Lassa fever which are captured by the above
four parameters (Treatment rate of exposed humans α1(ai)
Treatment rate of infected humans α2(ai), Diagnostic factor
of exposed humans γ(ai) proportion of exective treatment
of infected humans ψ(ai) )in all the compartments of the
model. The values are varied at
0.1, which indicated little or no intervention,
0.5: which indicated medium intervention, while
0.9 indicates maximum intervention at these levels.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/table/CJMI.000568.T004.png" title="Click here to view Large table 4" width="70%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Summary</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Considering the available data and the result of the sensitivity
analysis, varying the values of four parameters which all signify
effective and ineffective intervention, towards the eradication of
the disease, showed a drastic reduction in R0, as the intervention
level increased. It is also important to note that the lines with
100% fatality are states with first incidence of disease, especially
places far away from diagnostic centers. This utmost depicts low
diagnostics which is a function of proximity to test centers, which
are in three places in Nigeria; National reference laboratory in
Abuja, Lagos university teaching hospital (LUTH), Irrua specialist
teaching hospital (ISTH), Institute of LASSA fever research and
control (ILFRC), Irrua, Edo state, Nigeria.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The modification of the transmission dynamics between
susceptible compartment to Exposed compartment by the removal
of effective contact rate and interaction rate in reservoir has a
positive effect on the R_0. At minimum intervention, Edo state and
Ondo state has their R0>1 which implies instability. This means
in time; LASSA fever will be epidemic in the two state. At mid
intervention, R0<1 for all the states, which implies a steady state for
the disease with minimal intervention. At maximum intervention R0
reduces to the barest below 0.2 in all states, which implies a steady
state for the disease. Therefore, Proximity to diagnostic centers
effective healthcare model has major part to play in eradicating
LASSA fever in Nigeria.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Summary">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
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equilibria for compartment models of disease transmission. Math 180:
29-48.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085209/">Winn A, Walker (1975) The pathology of human Lassa fever, Bull. World Health Organ 52(4-6): 535-545.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000568.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000568.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Infectious disease Journals</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/</a></span></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-8493965891516369982022-08-10T05:25:00.003-07:002022-08-10T05:25:42.599-07:00The Implementation of Animal Assisted Therapy Programs in Substance use Disorders_Crimson Publishers<p>The Implementation of Animal Assisted Therapy Programs in Substance use Disorders by Benali A in Psychology and Psychotherapy: Research Studys_<a class="attribute-value">Psychology open access jorunals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5yQ1WfEwZ7WCdC2E6ELgbXbNn1GbMRjpzSNob8lpMRWYPLPkKav91MQ05-k166OsswSqczIj5PY17wHaXfLTDKazwxK7MFv7_1umxjrgJZp9v2wByZTa6fi3qXyFq4qdSBsIdZa8mmSe1ySi32bdgVt2lW7DxpRrAHst0oC4UY6ThHXHvJZF7V_hc8w/s229/Psychology%20and%20Psychotherapy%20Research%20Study%20journal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5yQ1WfEwZ7WCdC2E6ELgbXbNn1GbMRjpzSNob8lpMRWYPLPkKav91MQ05-k166OsswSqczIj5PY17wHaXfLTDKazwxK7MFv7_1umxjrgJZp9v2wByZTa6fi3qXyFq4qdSBsIdZa8mmSe1ySi32bdgVt2lW7DxpRrAHst0oC4UY6ThHXHvJZF7V_hc8w/s1600/Psychology%20and%20Psychotherapy%20Research%20Study%20journal.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) is presented as a complementary program that, together with
rehabilitation treatment, favors the clinical evolution of the patients who participate in it. The integration
of AAT in the healthcare and health field has been increased in recent years; highlighting the growing
interest in AAT programs, along with numerous studies that examine the benefits and efficacy of different
therapeutic approaches with animals [1,2], after different and novel pilot experiences in substance use
disorders [3], it seems that TAA is an intervention approach with utility in the rehabilitation processes of
people with disorder substance use.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/">Animal assisted therapy</a>; Substance use disorders; Motivation; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/">Therapeutic intervention</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>AAT is a coordinated, programmed and structured therapeutic intervention, where the
collaboration of an animal with specific qualities is included, as a characteristic element of the
rehabilitation process. All the treatment must be designed, documented and evaluated by the
personnel who carry out the program, together with the professionals of the resource in which
it is applied [4-6]. The AAT differs from other animal activities (animal assisted activities,
service animal programs and animal assisted education), primarily because the process of
intervention of the animal and responsible specialist is supervised and subject to the action of
the reference professional that includes such therapy within the rehabilitation treatment [4].
In recent years, the scientific community has been making an important effort to show how
the use of animals in clinical intervention processes helps improve the physical, psychological
and social health of patients. AAT is presented as adjunctive therapy to standard therapeutic
programs, contributing, in a supplementary way, to achieving the objectives proposed in the
treatment [6,7].</p><h4>AAT Benefits</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The performance of AAT programs are included within joint therapies
that enhance the benefits achieved by the patient by participating in
standard rehabilitation programs [8,9]. This is because interactions
with the animal stimulate the release of oxytocin, improving patients'
perceived mental health, behavior, therapeutic intervention and,
finally, the relationship of well-being with the professionals of the
resource [3,6]. In AAT the animal is integrated into psychotherapeutic
treatment with the aim of promoting the increase of the physical,
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/">psychosocial</a> and cognitive functions of the patients. The benefits
provided are summarized in the following areas: identification and
affective regulation (emotions, mood and motivation); achieving healthy
self-esteem; social skills learning; improvement of the socialization
process; and lastly, the stimulation of cognitive functions [3,5]. The
benefits provided can be used in many healthcare and healthcare
settings, favoring patients with various pathologies. Table 1 shows the
main animals used as co-therapists in rehabilitation programs, along
with the diversity of psychotherapeutic intervention settings where TAA
programs are implemented [1].</p><p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Animal species and areas of AAT intervention.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/table/PPRS.000577.T001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/table/PPRS.000577.T001.png" title="Click here to view Large table 1" width="70%" /></a></center><p>Source. Own elaboration</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="AAT Benefits">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>AAT</strong></p><p>Main animals used Horses, dolphins, farm animals (cows, donkeys,
goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, rabbits, ducks ...), cats, dogs and pets.
Different areas of intervention Neurorehabilitation, education, mental
health, geriatrics, gerontology, prisons, hospitals, addictions and
oncology.</p><p><strong>Implementation of AAT in substance use disorders</strong></p><p>Once the benefits of incorporating TAA are known, the possible
utility in the framework of rehabilitation in addictions is raised;
where TAA programs complementary to the treatment program are
temporarily integrated, mainly with the collaboration of therapy dogs,
which participated as therapeutic tool [2]. The sessions usually are
structured following a standard scheme: it began with an introduction in
which the animal therapy technician begins the topic and objectives
pursued in the session, and the patients participate in observation
activities to learn the handling of the animal [8]. After this section,
patients actively experiment and interact with the animal, working on
the objectives set. Finally, it concludes with the evaluation of the
participants accompanied by the therapist and the specialist in charge
to assess the achievements obtained [5].</p><p>In the course of the successive evaluations, an improvement is sought
in the therapeutic alliance with the professionals who are part of the
therapeutic team of the resource; greater adherence to treatment, with
the aim of increasing the motivation of patients who interacted with the
animal [3,9]. Other perceived benefits, and no less important, should
be presented, such as: the feeling of psychological well-being linked to
a better management of anxiety, anxiety or craving, since interaction
with the animal facilitates the identification and regulation of the
present emotional state [2,7]. Finally, a second group of benefits is
detected, which includes the improvement of perceived social support,
the learning of coping strategies and the best adaptation to the
residential resource [3,8].</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>It is valued that the implementation of AAT, as a complement
to the therapy given in addiction rehabilitation centers, can
be beneficial, since it favors the motivation, participation and
involvement of patients [10]. AAT facilitates a proactive attitude in
the patient, which as it acquires new benefits during the course of
the sessions using interaction with the animal, manages to improve
adherence to treatment, facilitates the therapeutic relationship,
and ultimately, is a multisensory element of intervention that favors
the evolution and achievement of psychotherapeutic treatment
goals [2,11]. Thus, the need to continue intervening in this line
is considered, in order to scientifically study the usefulness and
validity of AAT as a therapeutic complement to the treatment of
substance use disorders and behavioral addictions.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li><a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6760575">Mauriño
GPA, Luz AL, Babot M, Lacasa F, Álvarez Segura M (2017) La aplicación
de la terapia asistida con animales en la salud mental infarto-juvenil.
Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia 9(2): 177-188.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11469-017-9849-5">Casey
J, Csiernik R, Knezevic D, Ebear J (2018) The impact of animal-assisted
intervention on staff in a seniors residential care facility.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 16(5): 1238-1248.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.meta.org/papers/animal-assisted-therapy-in-the-residential/31877972">Montolio
MM, Sancho Pelluz J (2019) Animal assisted therapy in the residential
treatment of dual pathology. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health 17(1): 120.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5229752">Huertas
MC, Nieves ICR, Álvarez M (2014) Desarrollo de la terapia asistida por
animales en la psicologí Informes Psicológicos 14(2): 125-144.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/RECS/article/view/4006">Rubio
RD, Loscertales AA, Obís MMB, Obís PB, López APS (2017) Terapia
asistida por animales. Animal-supported therapy. Revista Española de
Comunicación en Salud 8(2): 254-271.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30791060/">Uhlmann C, Nauss
C, Worbs A, Pfund U, Schmid P (2019) Effects of an animal-assisted
intervention on psychiatric in-patient addiction treatment-a pilot
study. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 87(5): 305-311.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924933815312748">Abreu T, Figueiredo AR (2015) Paws for help: Animal-assisted therapy. European Psychiatry 30(1): 1651.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4395955">Álvarez
AA, Tobio TG, Roca VO, Facal VCA, Moldes VI, et al. (2013) Efectos de
la terapia asistida con animales en personas con daño cerebral o lesión
medular. Trauma (Spain) 24(2): 109-116.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28672787/">Contalbrigo L,
De Santis M, Toson M, Montanaro M, Farina L, et al. (2017) The efficacy
of dog assisted therapy in detained drug users: A pilot study in an
Italian attenuated custody institute. Int J Environ Res Public Health
14(7): 683-699.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://habricentral.org/resources/62543">Klemetsen MG,
Lindstrom TC (2017) Animal-assisted therapy in the treatment of
substance use disorders: A systematic mixed methods review. Human-Animal
Interaction Bulletin 5(2): 90-117.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://revistas.uniminuto.edu/index.php/IYD/article/view/1946">Duque CM, Lozano CA, Castro RH, Marín CA (2019) Educación asistida con perros. Inclusión & Desarrollo 6(2): 15-23.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/fulltext/PPRS.000577.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/fulltext/PPRS.000577.php</a></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Psychology open access jorunals</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/pprs/</a></span></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-25984625860055301042022-08-09T05:27:00.005-07:002022-08-09T05:27:45.624-07:00Developing Therapies that Prevent Progenitor Cell Migration for Preventing the Development and Further Growth of Endometriotic Lesions- Future Prospects-A Short Communication_Crimson Publishers<p>Developing Therapies that Prevent Progenitor
Cell Migration for Preventing the Development
and Further Growth of Endometriotic Lesions-
Future Prospects-A Short Communication by Kulvinder Kochar
Kaur in Perceptions in Reproductive Medicine_<a class="attribute-value">international peer reviewed open access journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBWEb3dyWq5DV2fUhfjYkdEefpulom3i0VwXHEh8W-__nENHBRiEy1qZ0wCseW6uy9V7lMK8Zk7vOGytupyH6hw6cI3JpMDYuHEwmzYlLe8PbqEbXEdBTn1EXENg5A4yRX-B65bSN5TB-anJv85q0lp3bodwMJEbpUguFNamge6PCUtc3GcnauM_OFzg/s478/Reproductive%20Health.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="478" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBWEb3dyWq5DV2fUhfjYkdEefpulom3i0VwXHEh8W-__nENHBRiEy1qZ0wCseW6uy9V7lMK8Zk7vOGytupyH6hw6cI3JpMDYuHEwmzYlLe8PbqEbXEdBTn1EXENg5A4yRX-B65bSN5TB-anJv85q0lp3bodwMJEbpUguFNamge6PCUtc3GcnauM_OFzg/s320/Reproductive%20Health.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Short communication</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Endometriosis represents a frequent as well as benign gynecological
disease that is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue (glands as
well as stroma) in sites external to the normal <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/">endometrium</a> as well as
rest of the parts of uterus [1]. About 10% of women of childbearing age
have endometriosis with the rate escalating in recent years. There is an
immediate need for getting efficacious therapies. Earlier we had
reviewed on the etiopathogenesis ,management of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/">Endometriosis</a> as well as
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/">Adenomyosis</a> in infertile patients ,effect on oocytes along with
Endometriosis in adolescents and effectively managing both pain as well
as infertility along with preventing risk of malignancy in endometriosis
but still no permanent solution is coming hence the endeavor to keep
looking for newer avenues [2-8].</p><p>It is known that Endometriosis is an estrogen associated disease
,along with neovascularization having a crucial part in its
establishment ,propagation as well as recurrence .It has been shown that
via mobilization as well as recruitment of endothelial <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/">progenitor</a> cells
(EPC’s) estrogen has significant role in neovascularization [9,10].
Further estrogen can induce the endometriotic lesions escalating
[11,12]; (Figure 1 & 2), with some recent studies illustrating that
therapy with estrogen facilitates vasculogenesis in endometriotic
lesions via enhancing amounts of EPC’s [13]. Chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)
is a key manipulator regarding homing of EPC’s [14], while Li et al.
[13], demonstrated that estrogen escalates the recruitment of EPC’s to
the areas of damage through the stromal cell derived factor(SDF1)-CXCR4
pathways in myocardial infarction(MI) [11]. Certain studies have
illustrated that estrogen increases the SDF1/CXCR12 synthesis in human
Endometrial stromal cells (HESCs)in a time as well as dose-based fashion
[11]. Nevertheless, the part as well as mode of SDF1/CXCR12 in
endometriosis is not understood.</p><p>CK2 represents a serine/threonine kinase made up of 2 catalytic (α or
α’)subunits as well as 2 regulatory (β) subunits, that assemble in the
form of a tetramer.CK2 can phosphorylate substrates to control a lot of
biological events [15]. Earlier Feng et al. [16], showed that CK2
controls angiogenesis of endometriotic lesions along with a protein
kinase CK2 inhibitor inhibits the development of new blood vessel’s as
well as growth of endometriotic lesions. Still it was not clear what is
the insight in CK2 controls of EPC’s at the time of vasculogenesis in
endometriotic lesions [17]. Endometriosis has been known to be crucially
based on actively going angiogenesis and thus new blood vessels
represent a mark of the lesions. Trying to get methods of blocking this
angiogenesis as well as vasculogenesis might help in innovative ways of
tackling endometriosis. Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial cells aid
in vasculogenesis, that includes the ones for endometriosis as well as
uterus at the time of pregnancy [18]. In view of their part in
endometriosis lesions as well as recruitment during active disease,
these endothelial progenitor cells are good targets for therapeutic
intervention.</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Courtesy ref no-12-Localization of human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells. (A-C) Immunofluorescence
images of human endometrium showing perivascular identity of human eMSCs.
a. Co-localization (white arrows) of CD146 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGF-Rβ) in pericytes
of venules and possibly capillaries in the functionalism stroma. The x/z and y/z planes are shown on the far right and
underneath the merged images demonstrating co-localization of the two surface markers.
b. Perivascular SUSD2 expression (white arrows).
c. ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and αSMA co-staining showing perivascular and
endothelial identity of SP cells. The white dotted lines indicate the junction between the endometrium (en) and
myometrium (my) and yellow dotted line indicates the luminal surface (lu) of the uterine epithelium. (D) Schematic
showing location of stem/progenitor cells identified in the human endometrium.
Epithelial progenitor cells are postulated to be a subpopulation of cells located in the base of the glands in the basalis,
identified by SSEA-1. Sushi domain containing-2+ (SUSD2+) eMSCs are perivascular cells. eMSC co-expressing CD146
and PDGFRβ/CD140b are most likely pericytes, as they are located adjacent to endothelial cells in vessels (v) in both
the basalis and the functionalism. SP cells are a heterogeneous population comprising CD31+ endothelial cells and
CD140b+CD146+ pericytes. Scale bar in (A)=50μm. (A) Reprinted with permissions from Schwab and Gargett [12]. (C)
Reprinted with permissions from Masuda et al. (2010). (D) Adapted from Gurung et al. (2015).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/images/PRM.000575.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/images/PRM.000575.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Short communication">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Courtesy ref no- 12-Schematic describing the hypothesis that endometrial stem/progenitor cells shed in
neonatal uterine bleeding may play a role in early onset endometriosis. Neonatal uterine bleeding occurs in 5%
of neonates. It is hypothesized that retrograde neonatal bleeding occurs because thick mucus obstructs the long
neonatal cervix. Fragments of shed endometrial tissue are postulated to contain an endometrial epithelial progenitor
cell (pink) and a perivascular MSC (pink) together with niche cells. These rapidly adhere to the neonatal mesothelium,
invade and/or become contiguous with the mesothelial lining where they remain quiescent for ∼10 years. Rising
estrogen (E2) levels associated with thelarche and menarche reactivate the stem/progenitor cells to initiate growth of
endometriosis lesions on the surface of or below the peritoneal mesothelium, resulting in early onset endometriosis.
Reprinted with permissions from Gargett et al. (2014).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/images/PRM.000575.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/images/PRM.000575.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Both in endometrial as well as decidual physiology as well as
pathology like endometriosis bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have a
proven part. Stem cells via BM engraft normal endomerium and help in
this endometrium repair following injury. BM-derived stem cell become
decidual cells along with support pregnancy playing a necessary role
[19]. Thus these BM-derived stem cells get transported within the
circulation along with getting recruited to along with engrafted in
endomerium is a part of normal physiology, CXCL12 represent a strong
chemoattractant which results in migration as well as engraftment of BM
cells in normal endomerium as well as Endometriosis [19]. Taylor’s group
earlier demonstrated that endometriosis synthesis large amounts of
CXCL12 (also called stromal derived factor 1[SDF1] [20]. Estrogen
activates the synthesis as well as liberation of CXCL12. BM cells which
get moved to e endometriosis by the attraction of CXCL12 are a
subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells. These endothelial
progenitor cells are circulating cells which stick to the endomerium at
the areas of hypoxia or ischemia and aid in new vessel development.
These stem cells getting incorporated is key for blood vessels growth as
well as progression of endometriosis.</p><p> </p><p>The control of CXCL12 expression by the protein kinase CK2 has been
found by Zhao et al. [21]. The same group earlier demonstrated that CK2
controls angiogenesis within these Endometriosis lesions. Blockade of
this enzyme avoids development of new blood vessels as well as growth of
Endometriosis. This ubiquitous as well as constitutively active serine
threonine kinase has been shown to be controlled via estrogen, whose
activity thus escalates CXCL12. This CXCL12 attracts endothelial
progenitor cells, by a mode by which these cells get homed to
endometriosis lesions. By blocking this path at any junction blocks
endothelial cell migration, depletion of estradiol(E2). On blocking CK2
action with its potent as well as selective inhibitor CX4945, or with
usage of CXCL12 receptor antagonist AMD3100 all inhibit this signaling
path. In the same way Taylor showed in animal models of endometriosis
recently regarding AMD3100 inhibits stem cell migration to endometriosis
and thus results in regression of these lesions [22]</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Will therapy with agents that block CK2 have the capacity as
treatment of endometriosis? CK2 represents a pleiotropic protein
kinase, that controls lot of growth as well as survival paths in
normal cells as well as disease. Though CK2 inhibitors CX4945
has been formed for treatment of cancers ,with its nonspecific
effect on practically all tissues, risk of off target actions is high, and
thus makes it unlikely to be used for endometriosis therapy .But
this gives a lot of lessons regarding blockade of signaling path that
ends in endothelial cell engraftment of endometriosis. Inhibition of
CXCL12. Action by using AMD3100 holds promise and has realistic
new way of Endometriosis therapy as shown in murine models of
Endometriosis [23]. More significant, we get insight that estrogen
depriving controls CK2, CXCL12 as well as endothelial cell migration.
Progestin therapy does not add this benefit. The therapies used
currently for decreasing Estrogen are Gn RH agonists, aromatase
inhibitors. Though this suddenly is not possibly help in future
forming agents which block CK2 to be included as agents for
Endometriosis therapy regimens we have got insight that standard
therapies will inhibit endothelial cell engraftment as well as lesion
expansion. Considering non hormonal therapy CXC R4 antagonist
have>specificity as well as less toxic as compared to CK2 inhibitors,
but action on pregnancy is not well known. Decrease of estrogen
will also block cell engraftment. Thus, E2 deprivation remains gold
standard for Endometriosis therapy till now.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1000274">Giudice LC (2010) Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 362: 2389-2398.</a></li>
<li>Kulvinder Kochar K, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2017) Current
controversies and future challenges in endometriosis therapy. EC
Gynaecology 1: 9-13.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=66710">Kulvinder
Kochar K, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2016) An update on pathophysiology
and medical management of endometriosis. Advances in Repr Sci 4(2):
53-73.</a></li>
<li>Kulvinder Kochar K, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2017) Meeting the
challenges of endometriosis associated pain-newer options for future and
research directions. BAOJ Bioinfo 1: 9.</li>
<li>Kulvinder Kochar K, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2019) An update on
diagnosis and management of adolescent endometriosis -A short
communication. Acta Scientific Paediatrics 2(5): 48-50.</li>
<li><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/fulltext/SMOAJ.000536.php">Kulvinder
Kochar K, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2019) Dissecting the reduced ovarian
reserve seen with ovarian enometriomas with that caused by surgical
excision of ovarian enometriomas-what comes first. Surg Med Open Acc J
2(2).</a></li>
<li><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/pdf/PRM.000570.pdf">Kulvinder
Kochar Kaur, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2020) How can we optimize the
granulose cell function of oo¬cytes from an endometriosis patient to
im¬prove the reproductive outcomes-A short communication?. Perception in
Reproductive Medicine 3(4).</a></li>
<li>Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Allahbadia GN, Singh M (2020) An update on
the various theories of the origin of uterine adenomyosis-A systematic
review. Archives of Urology 3(1): 31-45.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810616/">Streblow K,
Werner N, Berweiler J, Link A, Dirnagl U, et al. (2003) Estrogen
increases bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells production
and diminishes neointima formation. Circulation 107(24): 3059-3065.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944016301146">Auth
RJ, Nenicu A, Nickels RM, Menger MD, Laschke MW (2016) Estrogen
stimulates homing of endothelial progenitor cells to endometriotic
lesions. Am J Pathol 186: 2129-2142.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20869048/">Tsutsumi A,
Okada H, Nakamoto N, Oka Moto R, Yasuda K, et al. (2011) Estrogen
induces stromal cell derived factor-1(SDF1/CXCR12) production in human
endometrial stromal cell: A possible role of endometrial epithelial
cells. Fertil Steril 95: 444-447.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26552890/">Gargett CE,
Schwab KE, Deane JA (2016) Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: The first
ten years. Human Reprod Update 22(2): 137-163.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636145/">Li H, Liu J,
YeX, Zhang X, Wang Z, et al. (2013) 17β-Estradiol enhances the
recruitment of bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells into
infar cted myocardium by inducing CXCR4 expression. Int J Cardiol
162(2): 100-106.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.ATV.0000256727.34148.e2">Sainz J, Sata M (2007) CXCR4 a key modulator of vascular progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27: 263-265.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20576813/">Shehata M,
Schnabi S, Demirtas D, Hilgarth M, Hilgarth M, et al. (2010)
Reconstitution of PTEN activity by CK inhibitors and interference with
the PIK3/Akt cascade counteract the antiapoptotic effect of human
stromal cell in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 116: 2513-2521.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22354315/">Feng D, Welker
S, Korbel C, Auth RJ, Menger MD, et al. (2012) Protein kinase CK2 is a
regulator of angiogenesis of Endometriotic lesions. Angiogenesis 15(2):
243-252.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913104/">Montenarh M (2014) Protein kinase CK2 and angiogenesis. Adv Clin Exp Med 23(2): 153-158.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601943/">Tal R, Dong D,
Shaikh S, Manallapalli R, Taylor HS (2019) Bone marrow-derived
endothelial progenitor cells contribute to vasculogenesis of pregnant
mouse uterus. Biol Reprod 100(5): 1228-1237.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31513564/">Tal R, Shaikh S,
Pallavi D, Tal A, Giraldez LF, et al. (2019) Adult bone marrow
progenitors become decidual cells and contribute to embryo implantation
and pregnancy. PLoS Biol 17(9): e3000421.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450941/">Li F, Alderman
MH, Tal A, Manallapalli R, Coolidge A, et al. (2018) Haematogenous
dissemination of mesenchymal stem cells from Endometriosis. Stem Cells
36(6): 881-890.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32386617/">Zhao RM, Feng D,
Zhuanf G, Liu Y, Chi S, et al. (2020) Protein kinase CK2 participates
in estrogen mediated endothelial cell homing to Endometriosis lesions
through stromal cells in an SDF1- CXC R4 dependent manner. Fertil Steril
113(5): 1067-1079.</a></li>
<li>Plochino N, Manallapalli R, Shaikh S, Habata S, Tal A, et al. (2020)
CXC R4 or CXC R7 antagonists treat endometriosis by reducing bone
marrow cell trafficking. J Cell Mol Med 24: 2464-2474.</li>
<li>Taylor HS (2020) Bone marrow in the pathophysiology of Endometriosis. Fertil Steril 113: 942-942.</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/fulltext/PRM.000575.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/fulltext/PRM.000575.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>international peer reviewed open access journals</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/prm/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-51004299307394576722022-08-03T04:38:00.003-07:002022-08-03T04:38:31.968-07:00Environmental Stupidity_Crimson Publishers<p>Environmental Stupidity by James F Welles in Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences_<a class="attribute-value">American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPoqG3jpyPD0PH87NZQWAzaHbJ17rUyUYm3Jw7Wv2P6CTpAIj7zuI7cZt8WRDmv24RvlwwNYoJkUtvef-a0-bkSSpQmnrJPaO3XFdqNif4GIcP-YllOZEWBnTKI0FmLLiRVxF-xwpWX57oaLNiJWgtM4SIP34gjp5ZK45Vjih3RzZ78haD0Zz0uoVbvw/s229/Significances%20of%20Bioengineering%20&%20Biosciences.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPoqG3jpyPD0PH87NZQWAzaHbJ17rUyUYm3Jw7Wv2P6CTpAIj7zuI7cZt8WRDmv24RvlwwNYoJkUtvef-a0-bkSSpQmnrJPaO3XFdqNif4GIcP-YllOZEWBnTKI0FmLLiRVxF-xwpWX57oaLNiJWgtM4SIP34gjp5ZK45Vjih3RzZ78haD0Zz0uoVbvw/s1600/Significances%20of%20Bioengineering%20&%20Biosciences.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><a class="attribute-value"><br /></a><p></p><h4>Opinion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The relationship of America to its natural environment is parasitic
if not suicidal. However, we have surprisingly few <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/">illusions</a> about
ourselves being anything but exploiters, as we simultaneously rape,
strangle and poison our life support system. Eventually, such behavior
will limit our development, and we are actually has-tening that day in
that we have elevated exploitation to something of a cultural virtue.</p><p>While struggles in the fields of politics and social relations
dominated the post-war consciousness, there gradually grew in the
background an awareness of the ominous strain the burgeoning human
population is putting on the world's limited resources. Earth Days
notwithstanding, this awareness remains largely the property of
environmentalists [1] while political power remains in the hands of
industrialists who are willing victims of the neurotic paradox. In the
pursuit of immediate profits, they are dedicated to the irresponsible
exploitation of nature's resources and seem determined to top all the
stupidity of all ages past combined with a grandiose display of
pollution [2] and destruction of the natural world that supports them.
To this end, they have thus far succeeded in keeping the government
officials who should be monitoring their nefarious activities happily
mired down in their own self-constructed restrictive rules, regulations
and red tape.</p><p>With industry dedicated to the immediate ravaging of the environment,
some kind of international birth control policy limiting the quantity
of human life must be implemented if any kind of quality of life is to
be sustained over the long haul. For what it is worth, which is not
much, the Catholic Church’s position on the population problem is
consistent with the idea that the miracle of the loaves and fishes can
be repeated endlessly [3]. This is the position of Norman Burloug, who
looked to science for salvation through genetically engineered crops
which yield endlessly greater harvests. On the other hand, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/">William Vogt</a>
viewed such activities as merely setting up a more extensive crash when
we finally reach the carry capacity of the world [4]. For skeptics,
another non-growth strategy is very much in order if not much in
evidence.</p><p>One strategy that has to go is the obsolete growth and development
syndrome [5]. With the earth’s resources already apparently stretched to
the limit, we simply cannot sustain continued growth of the human
population [6], particularly if it is bent on maintaining the current
standard of living while wrecking its support system, as it currently
is. However, a new philosophy of self-limitations is going to be
difficult to formulate, could not be imposed on an unenlightened public
and will probably be accepted only after we finally become ashamed of
how much enduring misery we can create and the world can maintain or
maybe when it ceases to be perceived as profitable to the mighty.</p><p>The greatest stupidity of all is that we have made our own <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/">plight</a>
difficult and are making it impossible with overpopulation, pollution
and the exploitation of non-renewable resources. There are some
encouraging signs that these problems are finally being recognized as
such by people in positions of power, although too little is being done
about them. Thus, a stupid person has an advantage in coping with this
world over one who tries to understand it logically, as it is a world of
compromises, tradeoffs and shabby political charades pulled off by
self-seeking hacks using ideas and abusing ideals to suit their seedy
needs and sordid purposes. The surprise is not that it does not make any
sense but that anyone with any brains ever believed it could.</p><p>There are two factors which are crucial to the systematic desecration of the environment:</p><ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>The organization and mobilization of people for the task.</li>
<li>The development of machinery to facilitate the process. Our
population is well suited in both quantity and quality to wrecking the
environment in that there are too many of us committed to a standard of
living beyond the carrying capacity of God that is, to a standard which
is attainable for the entire population for only a limited period of
time [7].</li>
</ol><p>In addition, there is specialization and division of labor in our
attack on the environment: those not actively engaged in ravaging the
land usually devote their energies to polluting the air and water. All
this is done in the name of profit and for the sake of bigger and
costlier possessions for as many people as possible. Sadly, the ultimate
limits for population growth will be determined not by reasoned
planning but by the efficiency with which we can poison our support
system and convert our urban centers into behavioral sewers.</p><p>To accelerate this process of social suicide, we have turned to
machines and computers. The guiding maxim is that the world must be made
safe for technology. The worst part of this trend is not that we are
ever more efficient at wrecking the environment but that we are bent on
creating a world in which machines rather than people can thrive. To the
extent that we become robots, we will fit into the world we are
creating. However, our success in adapting will be a function of our
willingness to renounce the differences between humanity and cybernity.
Civilization has developed to the mutually interactive point that we now
have to become less human as we adapt to the self-effacing technology
which creates us.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Opinion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li>Read R (2008) Is there still a role for the state?</li>
<li>Hawking S (2018) Pollution and stupidity remain our most challenging problems.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221741/page/n3/mode/2up">Pitkin WB (1932) A short introduction to the history of human stupidity. Simon and Schuster, USA, p. 512.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/charles-c-mann/the-wizard-and-the-prophet/9781509884186">Mann C (2019) The wizard and the prophet. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, New York, USA.</a></li>
<li>Hammond P (1978) An introduction to cultural and social anthropology. (2<sup>nd</sup> edn), Macmillan Publishers, New York, USA, p. 141.</li>
<li>Brown L (1994) State of the world. In: World may be at biological
limit as growth in food supplies slows. Associated Press, New York, USA,
p. 10A.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27503358?seq=1">Pimental D,
Harman R, Pacenza M, Pecarsky J, Pimentel M (1994) Natural resources and
an optimum human population. Population and Environment 15(5): 347-369.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/fulltext/SBB.000577.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/fulltext/SBB.000577.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/sbb/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-85857373483194924802022-08-02T04:37:00.004-07:002022-08-02T04:37:48.407-07:00 Features of Application of Some Methods of Non-Traditional Technology to Improve the Functional Quality of Low-Rise Construction Objects_Crimson Publishers<p>Features of Application of Some Methods of
Non-Traditional Technology to Improve the
Functional Quality of Low-Rise Construction
Objects by Alexander AP in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology_<a class="attribute-value">Journal on Civil Engineering</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQexZBZJdJgu0S8uTTHEy8lzLiISvmmh-aPEa6i-tp9G2kI1VjrOMSTDvWqIfMTrN5ikizLrV7HLl08chNhod3eHZwMh29tON8g_zbDEcWyi1OJ8EosLMe4gWdJHQahSubncVSiH_At0LHL_bqgANS5gcaa3M356QNXmSLzd2B1U5xpsFaYEvW2r0XA/s862/Advancements%20in%20Civil%20Engineering.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="862" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQexZBZJdJgu0S8uTTHEy8lzLiISvmmh-aPEa6i-tp9G2kI1VjrOMSTDvWqIfMTrN5ikizLrV7HLl08chNhod3eHZwMh29tON8g_zbDEcWyi1OJ8EosLMe4gWdJHQahSubncVSiH_At0LHL_bqgANS5gcaa3M356QNXmSLzd2B1U5xpsFaYEvW2r0XA/s320/Advancements%20in%20Civil%20Engineering.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><b>Introduction:</b> This research is based on the scientific hypothesis about a gradual decrease in the scope
and scope at the application in traditional technological methods for the formation functional quality at
low-rise construction objects. The subject of this research is productive and reproductive directions for
architectural activity, which are characterizing the features of traditional and non-traditional methods
at practical implementation composite solutions in architectural systems. The relevance for their
research is related to the analysis aspects the application in non-traditional methods manufacturability
for restoration (increase) functional quality level for a material objects architectural activity, that are in
operation, without changing their initial functional purpose.</p>
<p><b>Materials and methods:</b> A systematic analysis factors and aspects for application of techniques and
means in innovative technological effectiveness, generalization and synthesis at relevant and verified
information materials.</p>
<p><b>Result:</b> As a result of this research, the main types influence factors and aspects for architectural activity
were identified that determined the features of reducing apology for the spread traditional technological
methods for the formation the architectural systems in low-rise construction. The features of the
influence the adaptability property on the composition in low-rise construction object are considered.
The analysis of the features in this use at non-traditional (innovative) techniques for the development
and practical implementation in composite solutions are considered. The features for techniques aimed
at improving the functional quality at construction projects, which are characterized by the state (period)
the operation of their life cycle is considered. It has been established, that promising techniques of
unconventional manufacturability, can significantly expand the possibilities for architectural creativity
(while maintaining the canonical approach to architectural composition) to form a new level for quality
architectural systems.</p>
<p><b>Conclusion:</b> The current state of architectural science allows (in most cases) to establish the required
quality through the use non-traditional methods for forming the functional quality in architectural
systems. The study examined the main aspects and influence factors that determine the choice at
techniques for non-traditional manufacturability, as a competitive way to increase functional quality in
traditional and non-traditional types of architectural systems in low-rise buildings and structures.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> Low-rise objects; Architectural systems; Compositional solutions; Influence factors;
Technological aspects; Traditional and non-traditional technological features; Productive and
reproductive activity; Functional quality</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>One of the obvious features of modern architectural activity (domestic and foreign
experience) is the use of not only traditional, but also alternative (or non-traditional) methods
of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/">architectonic</a> representation and technological implementation of structural and building
systems of low-rise construction objects [1-4].</p><p>The formation of objects of material nature in the format of low-rise construction
(development) is carried out in two main directions:</p><p>A. Reproductive activity, as a form of objective ensuring maximum compliance with
experience and results of previous studies, confirmed by good practice (typical, for
example, of buildings and structures of cultural and historical significance or traditional
architectural systems).</p><p>A productive line of activity, as a form of the subjective
way of a new, innovative solution to the same traditional
compositional problem, using non-traditional tectonic, artistic
and technological techniques.</p><p>C. A productive direction of architectural activity involves the
use of techniques and means of non-traditional (innovative)
technological effectiveness of the formation of building
products (architectural systems of low-rise buildings) that
enable [5-9].</p><p>D. Expand the range of possible compositional solutions for lowrise
construction projects of various functional purposes.</p><p>E. Reduce the level of tangible and intangible (cost, duration and
complexity) of design, construction and operating costs.</p><p>F. Minimize the amount of environmental load from the operation
of construction projects.</p><p>G. Increase resistance to external factors and conditions of
harmonious interaction with the surrounding artificial and
natural environment.</p><p>The use of non-traditional technological methods is shown
for theoretical and practical application for the vast majority of
mandatory periods of the life cycle (design, manufacture, erection,
operation) of architectural (constructive) systems of low-rise
buildings and structures. Technological innovations are competitive
(in relation to traditional types) means of innovative organization of
architectural space. Expediency and rational scope are determined
on the basis of a holistic, scientifically based <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/">doctrine</a>, the general
concept and particular principles of ensuring the functional quality
of low-rise buildings [10-12].</p><p>The architectural system of a low-rise building can be
represented as an object of targeted design and management of
functional quality indicators that correspond to a certain stage of
its life cycle. A meaningful extension of the life of the operation
(one of the mandatory life cycle periods) and/or an increase in the
indicators of functional quality is such a reflection of the support
of the material and/or intangible value of the considered lowrise
construction object, which is not provided for by the initial
design decision. A sufficiently large number of low-rise buildings
for various functional purposes of the past historical eras (preindustrial,
industrial and the beginning of the post-industrial
periods) have retained their material and intangible features to
date and are able to adapt to modern conditions, improve functional
quality and further use [13-15].</p><p>Figure 1 presents the characteristics of the initial state
and design decisions (using techniques of unconventional
manufacturability and changing the initial spatial composition)
to improve the functional quality of a low-rise housing stock [16].
As part of a systematic approach to designing and renovating
a residential property, a qualitative change was made in the
conditions for ensuring the comfort and safety of life processes
by: eliminating fixed defects and damages; device structural
elements that provide the established parameters of energy
efficiency; rational placement of internal engineering systems and
technological equipment; repair and restoration of the functional
quality of external engineering networks.</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong>Improving the functional quality (<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/">renovation</a>) of a residential property, the city of Leinefelde, Germany.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/images/ACET.000577.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/images/ACET.000577.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"><b></b></a><b><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
</b><b>
<br />
</b></p><p>Among the aspects that determine the nature and extent of
the application of techniques of non-traditional manufacturability
are cultural-historical (urban); functional, artistic and emotional,
economic [17-20].</p><p>The “<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/">canonical</a>” methodology of architectural composition,
combined with innovative (non-traditional) techniques of
manufacturability, allows us to solve the complex problem of
improving the functional quality and synergistic display of the
internal content of the architectural image through the organization
of interaction of a new design solution, functional structure and
artistic-figurative expressiveness.</p><h4>Conclusion and Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Composition techniques are formed by the course and results
of the development of architecture (architectural science and
practice) and relate to traditional methods of providing indicators
of the functional quality of construction products (within the
framework of the reproductive direction of architectural activity).
The feasibility of developing the field and the scale of application
of traditional technological methods for the formation and
improvement of the functional quality of low-rise construction
projects is determined by numerous and diverse factors: social,
economic, psychological, cultural and historical. It can be argued
that the reason for the gradual abandonment of the use of traditional
technological methods and operations (during the formation of
low-rise construction objects) in favor of innovative materials,
structures and technologies is promoted by the requirements for the
growth of consumer (functional) quality of construction products
while reducing the cost of completed construction projects.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"><b>
</b></a><b><a class="pm" id="Conclusion and Discussion">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</b><b>
</b></p><ol>
<li class="ref">Yankovskaya YU (2006) Image and morphology of an architectural object: A dissertation for the degree of doctor of architecture.</li>
<li class="ref">Mujagic JRU, Dolan JD, Chukwuma GE, Fanella D, LaBoube
RA (2012) Structural design of low-rise buildings in cold-formed steel,
reinforced masonry, and structural timber. (1<sup>st</sup> edn), McGraw-Hill Education, New York, USA, p. 449.</li>
<li class="ref">Dubbeldam W (2011) Architectonics. (1<sup>st</sup> edn), Daab Media, London, UK, p. 176.</li>
<li class="ref">Razin AD, Ignatiev Yu A (2011) Architectonics and self-organization. Vestnik RUDN, Engineering Research.</li>
<li class="ref">Sysoeva EV, Trushin SI, Kuznetsova EE, Konovalov VP
(2018) Architectural structures and design theory: Low-rise residential
buildings.</li>
<li class="ref">Francis DKC (2014) Building construction illustrated. (5<sup>th</sup> edn), John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, p. 480.</li>
<li class="ref">Atkinson M (2014) Structural foundations manual for low-rise buildings. (1<sup>st</sup> edn), CRC Press, New York, USA, p. 248.</li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071375.2004.9747379">Lawson M (2004) Tree related subsidence of low-rise buildings and the management options. Arboricultural Journal 27(3): 191-219.</a></li>
<li class="ref">Popelnyukhov SN, Gurenko AN, Konakov DV, Mager AN (2011)
New technology for the construction of low-rise buildings for mass
construction. Building Materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI
century 11(154): 27-29.</li>
<li class="ref">Maier MW, Rechtin E (2009) The art of systems architecting. (3<sup>rd</sup> edn), CRC Press, New York, USA, p. 472.</li>
<li class="ref">Romanenko EYu, Rabichenko SA (2018) Innovative processes
in construction. Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University,
Economics 2: 172-179.</li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961321042000323789">Sexton
M, Barrett P (2005) Performance-based building and innovation:
Balancing client and industry needs. Building Research & Information
33(2): 142-148</a>.</li>
<li class="ref">Kalinin PA (2002) Organizational and
engineering-technological support for the quality of construction
products of residential buildings: Dissertations for the degree of
candidate of technical sciences.</li>
<li class="ref">Belov AV (2012) Tasks for ensuring the quality of
construction. Bulletin of the Saratov State Socio-Economic University 4:
97-99.</li>
<li class="ref">Malinina TG (2015) Mass housing as an object of creativity. Buks Art.</li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sfa.de/regeneration-east/haus-04-en">https://www.sfa.de/regeneration-east/haus-04-en</a></li>
<li class="ref">Gaston B (2014) The poetics of space. Penguin Classics, New York, USA, p. 304.</li>
<li class="ref">Chad S (2016) Introducing architectural tectonics: Exploring the intersection of design and construction. (1<sup>st</sup> edn), Routledge, New York, USA, p. 422.</li>
<li class="ref">Kasyanov VF (2002) The principles of reconstruction of
residential buildings, taking into account the structural and planning
parameters of buildings: A dissertation for the degree of doctor of
technical sciences.</li>
<li class="ref">Roy Ch, Roger G (2005) Construction technology. (4<sup>th</sup> edn), Pearson Education, New York, USA, p. 648.</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/fulltext/ACET.000577.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/fulltext/ACET.000577.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Journal on Civil Engineering</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-25243923756208697862022-07-29T04:44:00.003-07:002022-07-29T04:44:28.425-07:00Need of Humility in Election Rallies_Crimson Publishers<p>Need of Humility in Election Rallies by Pradeep Kumar
Panda in Archaeology & Anthropology:Open Access_<a class="attribute-value">Journal of Archaeology</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56fz-OqXWl4I8liVg-dy6gGaG1-4mirDhKr7isYZu0rciLsbNfeH3sPc9aCcPAUzvU2-Ceu3ZNboeF7rfqIF0wehQ5Mp4uaXB8iiK8fiLjEu7jZi9AoYdyoKiGeQCbTvPT2x2P6ESuCN83nYDqYtdWOXc66i6X0GZUst5yxGgByoTIt8UIs26lmKPqg/s229/Archaeology%20&%20anthropology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56fz-OqXWl4I8liVg-dy6gGaG1-4mirDhKr7isYZu0rciLsbNfeH3sPc9aCcPAUzvU2-Ceu3ZNboeF7rfqIF0wehQ5Mp4uaXB8iiK8fiLjEu7jZi9AoYdyoKiGeQCbTvPT2x2P6ESuCN83nYDqYtdWOXc66i6X0GZUst5yxGgByoTIt8UIs26lmKPqg/s1600/Archaeology%20&%20anthropology.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Opinion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The attitudes of arrogance and hate seem to have suffused the electoral campaign of the
2019 Lok Sabha General election. Although such expressions were evident in varied degrees
among campaigners belonging to different parties contesting the elections, this attitude
was consistently seen in the members of the ruling party and was arguably more prominent
among the leaders and supporters of the incumbent ruling combination.</p><p>This is despite the fact that the Election Commission of India (ECI) has been intervening
to pull up the offenders. Yet, such interventions of the ECI in order to control these morally
offensive tendencies were limited and discriminatory in nature.</p><p>It showed both helplessness and unwillingness to exercise
its power and this has left no
decisive impact in curtailing the growing use of offensive language in Indian politics. The <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/">ECI</a>is supposed to police the limits of free speech, which it does by banning some leaders while
giving regular clean chits to powerful others. The question that we need to raise is, why is it
that some leaders do not feel the moral burden of carrying within them an intense hate and
arrogance that creates a corrosive impact on not just their opponents, but also on those who
expect the expansion of decent society? What is the value of humility and what function does
it perform in controlling the “<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/">social evil</a>” of arrogance and hate?</p><p>Humility has been understood as the ethical capacity for continuous self-appraisal.
Self-appraisal in turn serves to control the flames of pride stoked by the ambition to retain
political power. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/">Humility</a> as a virtue has the power to filter out hateful, bad speech. It does not
allow the accumulation of such expressions. The necessary condition for being humble in the
Indian context is to respect differences and dissent and tolerate plurality of opinion. Humility
promotes the political culture of engaging in robust debate on issues that matter more to
the people than to the leaders. Democracy can create the condition for humility to acquire
articulation through tolerating plurality of opinion.</p><p>Humility as a virtue, however, has to exist not as an afterthought or in a post facto situation
where leaders begin to see an imminent danger (in the present case) in the elections, but
through the confidence sustained by the amount of good work done by a leader or their ruling
party for the public. Genuine humility is not premised on an opportune time such as during
elections, but all the time, that is, also apart from the elections. The attempt to adopt the image
of a humble person can result in producing an instrumental if not completely elusive form of
humility. This instrumental practice of humility can result in humiliating opponents through
ridicule and insults. What we have witnessed during the past two months is the instrumental,
time-tested view of humility, as practiced by some leaders through the media.</p><p>Humility, however, finds it difficult to succeed against electoral politics that seem to have
been over determined by the presence of the language of “entitlements” and the skewed
notion
of “pride.” Pride as an expression of appreciation of a nation’s
progress should emerge
from an affirmative indexing of human well-being. Creating hatred for certain religion and
casting aspersions can be considered one of the parameters. However, reducing pride to
one index would give rise to arrogance. The category of pride as the overtaxing content of
communal hatred necessarily eliminates the grounds on which the possibility of humble
democracy could be imagined and perhaps practiced.</p><p>Why does humility not succeed against arrogance? Because
these leaders’ priorities the language of entitlements over the
common good that underlies the need for a decent society. In fact,
the language of rights seeks to eliminate the grounds for humility.
Here, we are referring to rights that are unilaterally asserted by a
certain section of society and which underlie and renew unqualified
arrogance and unfounded pride. Such a partisan conception of
rights necessarily suggests that a particular party or a social group
possesses exclusive claim over a nation.</p><p>This is evident among the supporters of the all parties. In their
attempt to establish exclusive rights over India, they often discount
similar rights that others too have over the nation. “Hindu Terrorist”,
“Hindu Taliban”, “Hindu Pakistan”, “Go To Pakistan”, “Bharat Tere
Tukde Honge” are some common expressions that the members
of the Fringe Elements use for those who question some of their
vocal supporters trying to infringe on the democratic culture of this
country. When they do not accept the right of the other to rule the
country, they do not have to be humble. The capacity to repent gets
destroyed due to the tendency to defend one’s mistake by referring
to the mistake of one’s opponents and holding them guilty for their
past mistakes.</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Opinion">
</a>
</p><p>It actually promotes a recalcitrant attitude that denies the
person from taking a moral lead in creating new norms that could
direct politics towards the creation of a decent society and its
concrete realization. However, one of the fundamental challenges
facing pluralistic political culture in India today is a decline in the
practice of being humble. We need to realize that controlling bad
speech is less the function of a public institution and more the
result of democratizing the value of humility.</p><p><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/fulltext/AAOA.000579.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/fulltext/AAOA.000579.php</a></p><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Journal of Archaeology</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/</a></span></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-81596449423757506542022-07-28T05:00:00.001-07:002022-07-28T05:00:11.414-07:00Perioperative Echocardiographic Hemodynamic Parameters and Postoperative Outcome in Pediatric Surgical Patients: A Descriptive Observational Prospective Pilot Study Protocol_Crimson publishers<p>Perioperative Echocardiographic Hemodynamic
Parameters and Postoperative Outcome in
Pediatric Surgical Patients: A Descriptive
Observational Prospective Pilot Study Protocol by Claudine
Kumba in Research in Pediatrics & Neonatology_<a class="attribute-value">Neonatology Open Access Journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJf-OjljwqLJmn2H13O9BW-UG9GO2BxYFMU9casEZVUlEvy47wUL77YMGsp2rJyrzHJTiuFmr1bZiZSp0eG2lw7PMxiAICYGlccP0ZTikOSlxwoTI9LfkAp1oWND5JfaoDFFkXBkboI07YM9GG-GbLnx0DDS6QAvz_r2KttPO_zYYQuQLSzu_hj2U7aQ/s646/Research%20in%20Pediatrics%20&%20Neonatology.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="646" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJf-OjljwqLJmn2H13O9BW-UG9GO2BxYFMU9casEZVUlEvy47wUL77YMGsp2rJyrzHJTiuFmr1bZiZSp0eG2lw7PMxiAICYGlccP0ZTikOSlxwoTI9LfkAp1oWND5JfaoDFFkXBkboI07YM9GG-GbLnx0DDS6QAvz_r2KttPO_zYYQuQLSzu_hj2U7aQ/s320/Research%20in%20Pediatrics%20&%20Neonatology.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><b>Background:</b> A randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocol in pediatric patients scheduled for surgery
will be elaborated. In this RCT protocol trans-thoracic echocardiography will be realized perioperatively
to guide fluid and hemodynamic therapy in these patients. This RCT will determine the impact of goal
directed therapy with echocardiography on postoperative outcome in terms of morbidity, Length of
Intensive Care Unit Stays (LOSICU), Length of Mechanical Ventilation (LMV), Length of Hospital Stays
(LOS), fluid therapy and vasopressor-inotropic therapy. There are no trials in pediatric surgical patients
which have identified echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters predictive of postoperative outcome
in terms of morbidity, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">LOSICU</a>, LMV and LOS. The objective of this pilot observational prospective trial
protocol is to describe the study which will determine echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters
predictive of postoperative outcomes. These hemodynamic parameters will be integrated in the RCT
which has the objective to determine the impact of goal directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy guided
by trans-thoracic echocardiography on postoperative adverse outcome.</p>
<p><b>Methods:</b> Patients aged less than 18 years admitted for surgery will be included. Trans-thoracic
echocardiography will be realized to measure different hemodynamic parameters perioperatively in
included patients. Primary outcome will be postoperative morbidity, secondary outcomes will be LOSICU,
LMV and LOS; tertiary outcomes will be fluid therapy, vasopressor and inotropic therapy. Primary
outcome measure will be the presence of postoperative organ dysfunction. Secondary outcome measures
will be the number of postoperative days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), number of postoperative
days spent on invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation and the number of postoperative days
spent in the conventional hospitalization ward. Tertiary outcome measures will be the quantity of fluid
administered and the Vasopressor-Inotropic Score (VIS). The study will be monocentric. XLSAT 2018.3 or
plus will be the software for statistical analysis. Results are expected in the first semester of 2022.</p>
<p><b>Conclusion:</b> This pilot study will identify echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters predictive of
postoperative adverse outcome which will be integrated in the second RCT where goal directed fluid and
hemodynamic therapy will be guided with echocardiography.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">Pediatric surgery</a>; Children; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">Echocardiography</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">Hemodynamics</a>; Fluid therapy; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">Postoperativeoutcome</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Perioperative goal directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy (PGDFHT) has been studied in
adults where it has demonstrated its efficacy in terms of reduced postoperative complications
and length of hospital stay (LOS) [1-7]. The objective of PGDFHT is to monitor fluid
responsiveness and hemodynamic status with the aim to improve oxygen delivery to different
systemic organs and to improve tissular perfusion [8]. Tissular hypoperfusion can have side
effects in terms of organ failure. Unoptimal fluid and hemodynamic status (insufficient or
plethoric) can alter tissular perfusion. Therefore, monitoring fluid responsiveness and
hemodynamic status using tools to assess adequate cardiac output to maintain sufficient
tissular oxygen delivery is mandatory. There are no studies in children demonstrating the
impact of PGDFHT with echocardiography on postoperative
outcome. However, there are studies in pediatric cardiac surgery
mostly which identified perioperative biomarkers of postoperative
adverse outcome [9].</p><p>These biomarkers were lactate levels, central venous
oxygen saturation SCVO2, regional cerebral, renal, splanchnic
oxygen saturation and veno-arterial carbon dioxide gradient.
Unoptimal values of these biomarkers predicted adverse
postoperative outcome in terms of mortality, morbidity and
length of hospital stay (LOS) [9]. Concerning the tool to assess
cardiac output, fluid responsiveness and hemodynamic status,
transthoracic echocardiography is a noninvasive mean which can
bring solutions and some parameter like the variation of peak
velocity at the aortic annulus has been validated to predict fluid
responsiveness in children [10]. There are no studies which have
clarified echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters predictive
of postoperative outcome in children scheduled for surgery in
general. Nevertheless, there is one retrospective study in pediatric
and adult cardiac surgery which showed that intraoperative transesophageal
echocardiography after surgical repair in congenital
heart disease reduced LOS [11]. We have elaborated an RCT
trial where fluid and hemodynamic therapy will be guided with
trans-thoracic echocardiography. In this RCT echocardiography
hemodynamic parameters will be integrated in a protocol to guide
fluid, inotropic and or vasopressive therapy. To validate these
echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters, we will conduct a
pilot observational prospective study to identify those which are
predictive of postoperative adverse outcome. We describe here
this pilot trial. We have elaborated 2 similar protocols in pediatric
patients with congenital heart disease [12,13]. We would like to
generalize the protocol to other pediatric surgical patients. The
primary objective of this study protocol is to describe the pilot
trial which will be undertaken to identify echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters predictive of postoperative outcome in
terms of morbidity.</p><p>The secondary objective is to clarify echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters predictive of postoperative LOSICU, LMV
and LOS. The tertiary objectives are to determine echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters predictive of fluid therapy, vasopressor
and inotropic therapy. The primary outcome measures will be
postoperative organ dysfunction until discharge from hospital. The
secondary outcome measures will be the number of postoperative
days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the number of
postoperative days spent on invasive or noninvasive mechanical
ventilation and the number of postoperative days spent in the
conventional hospitalization ward. The tertiary outcome measures
will be the quantity of postoperative fluid administered in terms of
crystalloids, colloids, blood product and postoperative vasopressor
inotropic score. Once the echocardiographic hemodynamic
parameters predictive of postoperative outcome have been
identified in this pilot study, they will be integrated in a randomized
controlled trial which will determine the impact of intraoperative
goal directed therapy with echocardiography in general pediatric
surgery on postoperative outcome.</p><h4>Methods and Materials</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This trial has been declared at the French National Agency of
Drugs and Medications Security, ANSM (National Agency for The
Safety of Medicines and Health Products) and registered under
the number RCB: 2019-A03256-51. After approval from the
Ethics Committee, and after parents and or patient’s information,
patients will be included prospectively in one cohort. The patients
included will be managed according to the usual local practices.
Echocardiography Figure 1 will be realized in each patient
perioperatively after induction of anesthesia. The echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters measured are precised below. The
patients included will be children aged less than 18 years admitted
for surgery or other intervention under anesthesia. General
variables registered will be age, gender, type of surgery, elective
or urgent surgery, American Society of Anesthesiologists status
(ASA), weight, height, prematurity, blood pressure, heart rate, pulse
oximetry and hemoglobin levels. Preoperatively basal values of
blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oximetry, body temperature will
be registered prior to anesthesia and surgery and intraoperatively
during surgery hourly. Other intraoperative parameters registered
are blood product transfusion (Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC),
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), Concentrated Platelet Units (CUP),
fibrinogen, cryoprecipitate, Concentrated Complex of Prothrombin
(CPP) or other blood product derivatives, crystalloids and colloids
or other fluids administered, blood loss, urinary output, quantity of
inotrops, diuretics, anesthetic drugs administered and mechanical
ventilation parameters, central venous pressure if monitored.
Normal blood pressure and heart rate values are those defined
according to the patient age [14]. In addition to echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters, postoperative variables registered once
daily until discharge from hospital will be blood pressure, heart
rate, core temperature, pulse oximetry, CVP if monitored, blood
product transfusion (PRBC, FFP, CUP), fibrinogen, cryoprecipitate,
concentrated complex of prothrombin, other blood product
derivatives, crystalloids, colloids or other fluids administered,
blood loss, urinary output, quantity of inotropes, diuretics,
anesthetic drugs administered, mechanical ventilation parameters,
hemoglobin levels. Trans-thoracic echocardiographic parameters
measured perioperatively are described here after. Since
echocardiography is operator dependent, all the echocardiographic
hemodynamic parameters will be measured by one experienced
medical doctor in pediatric echocardiography and validated by a
second experienced medical doctor. Cardiac output measures will
be realized with Velocity Time Integral (VTI) at the aortic valve in
the apical five chamber view. Normal values of aortic VTI have been
defined in children [15].</p><p>Fluid responsiveness will be assessed with aortic peak velocity
at the apical five chambers view with peak velocity variation
(ΔVpeak) of ≥10% defining responders to fluid therapy. ΔVpeak is
defined as (Vmax-Vmin ⁄[(Vmax+Vmin)2]) X 100 (10). Right ventricular
(RV) and left ventricular (LV) systolic function will be assessed in
the apical four chamber view with lateral S (Slat) wave velocity
in tissue Doppler, with mitral and tricuspid annular plane systolic
excursion (MAPSE, TAPSE) in time motion mode (TM) and with
ejection fraction EF with Simpson’s method. Normal MAPSE, TAPSE
and Slat values have been defined in children [16-21]. Fractional
shortening (FS) will be assessed in the parasternal longitudinal
axis view, normal values are the same as in adults (28-42%). Right
ventricular and left ventricular diastolic function will be assessed
in the apical four chamber view at the tricuspid and mitral valves
with pulsed Doppler to assess for E wave velocity, A wave velocity
and E/A ratio. E/A ratios will be analyzed according to age [22-
29]. To assess for normal, relaxation alteration, pseudonormal and
restrictive profiles. Right and left filling pressures will be assessed
with tissue Doppler at the apical four chamber view at the tricuspid
and mitral valves to assess lateral E’ wave velocity and E/E’lat ratio.</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong>Echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/images/RPN.000580.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/images/RPN.000580.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Methods and Materials">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>Normal E/E’ and E’lat values have been defined in children [22-
29]. To assess for pulmonary over circulation, Qp/Qs ratio (where
Qp is pulmonary output and Qs is systemic cardiac output) will be
calculated using the formula Qp/Qs= Pulmonary VTI x Area of the
pulmonary annulus x HR /Aortic VTI x Area of the aortic annulus x
HR= VTIp x IIx (D/2)2/VTIao x IIx (D/2)2, where D is the diameter
of the annulus and HR the heart rate [30]. Pulmonary VTI and
pulmonary annulus diameter will be assessed at the parasternal
transverse axis view. Aortic VTI will be assessed at the apical 5
chamber view and the aortic annulus diameter at the parasternal
longitudinal axis view. The inferior veina cava diameter (IVC) and
the variation of the latter (ΔIVC) will be assessed at the subcostal
view and will be defined as Δ IVC=[(Dmax-Dmin/(Dmax+Dmin/2)]x100.
Where Dmax is the maximum and Dmin is the minimum diameter of the
IVC. Supra-hepatic Doppler waves velocity V, A, S, D and S/D ratios
will be assessed in the subcostal view. Pulmonary Doppler waves
velocity S, D, E, Ap and S/D ratios will be assessed in the apical four
chamber view. Postoperative organ dysfunction until discharge
from hospital will be registered to assess for primary outcome.
The number of days spent in ICU, under invasive or noninvasive
mechanical ventilation and days in the conventional hospitalization
ward postoperatively will be registered to assess for secondary
outcomes. The quantity of postoperative fluid (crystalloids, colloids,
blood products) administered and postoperative vasopressor
inotropic score will be registered to assess for tertiary outcomes.
Statistical analysis will be realized with XLSTAT 2018.3 or plus
software. Normally distributed and non-normally distributed
variables will be compared using Student t or Mann-Whitney tests
and Wilcoxon or Kruksal-Wallis tests respectively.</p><p>Normally distributed variables will be expressed in terms of
means with standard deviation. Non normally distributed variables
will be expressed in terms of medians with interquartile ranges.
Categorical variables will be compared with the exact Fisher’s
test or Chi squared test accordingly. Categorical variables will be
expressed as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. To assess
for independent predictors of adverse postoperative outcome,
multivariate analysis will be realized. A P-value≤0.05 will be
considered significative. Missing data will not be included. The
study is expected to begin first semester of 2021 and will terminate
end 2021. The number of patients included will be 1000 patients
to have a normally distributed population. The study will be
monocentric.</p><h4>Result</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Results are expected in the first semester of 2022.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This study protocol was designed to describe the pilot
observational prospective trial which will identify echocardiography
parameters predictive of postoperative outcome in terms of
morbidity, LOSICU, LMV, LOS, fluid therapy and vasopressor
inotropic score in children scheduled for surgery or other
interventions. These echocardiographic predictors of the abovementioned
outcomes will be integrated in randomized controlled
mono-multicentric trials which will determine the impact of
intraoperative goal directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy with
echocardiography on postoperative outcome in children scheduled
for surgery or other interventions under general anesthesia.</p><h4>Disclosure</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This study is part of the Thesis entitled ‘Do goal directed
therapies improve postoperative outcome in children?
(Perioperative Goal Directed Fluid and Hemodynamic Therapy;
Transfusion goal directed therapy using viscoelastic methods and
enhanced recovery after surgery and Postoperative outcome)’
[31-33]. This Thesis is registered online http://www.theses.fr/
s232762.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Result">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Disclosure">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
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de Souza Neto E, Grousson S, Duflo F, Ducreux C, Joly H, et al. (2011)
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E, Punn R, Geeter N, Silverman NH (2016) Routine intra-operative
trans-oesophageal echocardiography yields better outcomes in surgical
repair of CHD. Cardiol Young 26(2): 263-268.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ecronicon.com/ecpe/pdf/ECPE-08-00603.pdf">Kumba
C, Raisky O, Bonnet D, Treluyer JM (2019) Perioperative goal directed
fluid and hemodynamic therapy with echocardiography in pediatric
congenital heart disease: a study protocol. EC Paediatrics 8(12): 01-06.</a></li>
<li class="ref">Kumba C, Raisky O, Bonnet D, Tréluyer JM (2019)
Perioperative echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters and postoperative
outcome in pediatric congenital heart disease: a descriptive
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Care 5: 160.</li>
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Graaff JC, Pasma W, van Buuren S, Duijghuisen JJ, Nafiu OO, et al.
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T, Mori K, Inoue M, Yasunobu H (2016) Mitral annular plane systolic
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M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, Avian A, Cvirn G, et al. (2014) Reference values
of the mitral annular peak systolic velocity (s<sub>m</sub>) in 690
healthy pediatric patients, calculation of z-score values, and
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M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, Avian A, Heinzl B, et al. (2102) Left
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A, Nestaas E, Brunvand L, Liestøl K, Brunvand L, et al. (2014) Tissue
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YP, Abdul-Khaliq H (2013) The pulsed doppler and tissue doppler-derived
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<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ecronicon.com/ecec/pdf/ECEC-03-00085.pdf">Kumba
C, Mélot C (2019) The era of goal directed therapies in paediatric
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3(5): 306-309.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.actascientific.com/ASPE/pdf/ASPE-02-0094.pdf">Kumba
C (2019) Do goal directed therapies improve postoperative outcome in
children? (Perioperative goal directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy;
transfusion goal directed therapy using viscoelastic methods and
enhanced recovery after surgery and postoperative outcome): A study
research protocol. Acta Scientific Paediatrics 2(7): 17-19.</a></li>
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C (2019) Future evolution of intraoperative goal directed fluid and
hemodynamic therapy in Children. Adv Pediatr Res 6(2): 1-2.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/fulltext/RPN.000580.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/fulltext/RPN.000580.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Neonatology Open Access Journals</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-52615993048409242592022-07-27T05:19:00.001-07:002022-07-27T05:19:05.495-07:00Testicular Cancer and Microbiota_Crimson Publishers<p>Testicular Cancer and Microbiota by Álvaro
Zamudio Tiburcio in Gastroenterology Medicine & Research_<a class="attribute-value">Gastroenterology Medicine & Research</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQLG_dW3-AT5XQ4D7HgybHcgtadzNrE1imQCtLsuLcR7cjWcUru0sm31gmTzRe0pEBcSNSMuL8U0mElPd6tM_EZ9tmVO4mxamirKvTgKgFxF6XyYL8oBIW50otadVdFJ8N7fQfaB2wgDwAsUZimsT95qFywjHQfAWxzsCaJszwm65h2K8l97bHDr1IMg/s229/Gastroenterology%20Medicine%20&%20Research%20journal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQLG_dW3-AT5XQ4D7HgybHcgtadzNrE1imQCtLsuLcR7cjWcUru0sm31gmTzRe0pEBcSNSMuL8U0mElPd6tM_EZ9tmVO4mxamirKvTgKgFxF6XyYL8oBIW50otadVdFJ8N7fQfaB2wgDwAsUZimsT95qFywjHQfAWxzsCaJszwm65h2K8l97bHDr1IMg/s1600/Gastroenterology%20Medicine%20&%20Research%20journal.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>We analized a Male with 33 years old. 2003 is detected Seminoma of the left testis, which is removed.
Twenty sessions of radiotherapy are administered and observed for 5 years. In 2008, right testicle was
removed, and prostheses were placed. Classic teratoma-endodermal seminoma is diagnosed. 2011, AFP
control study (400ng/mL), with lessions in the iliac and <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/">Cavo-aortic arteries</a>. In laparotomy, the necrotic
is removed. New Chemo. Retroperitoneal process appears and is kept under observation for one year,
without elevated markers. 2013 detect AFP (69ng/mL). They operate it by removing the metastases
again. The AFP rises and is operated again in 2016. In 2017 ACE is 100 (ng/mL). With intra-aortic metastases.
They operate it. 2018, the necrosis is removed again. “Last surgery.” Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation
(IMT) is carried out on March 21, 2019.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/">Testicular cancer</a>; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/">Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation</a> (IMT); <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/">Intestinal Microbiota</a> (IM)</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>33-year-old Male with left testicle removed cancer. Classic seminoma is diagnosed. Provide
radiotherapy and decided to observe it for 5 years. Operate on 6 occasions, removing the
second testicle and numerous intra-abdominal metastases. Intestinal Microbiota Transplant
is carried out Anxiety dropped from 22 to 8 points [1], He looks better. The joints hurt, allergic
pictures and in tolerates all foods, finish. IBS with stool formed. (He says that he had not
evacuated solid for years).</p><h4>Diagnosis</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>A. Retroperitoneal cancer secondary to classic left seminoma, removed</p><p>B. Seminoma and classic endodermal left teratoma (removed)</p><p>C. Five times retroperitoneal metastases (operated)</p><p>D. Anxiety 22 points. Hamilton Scale</p><p>E. Insufficient weight (BMI 17)</p><p>F. IBS, diarrhea variety</p><p>G. Multi-allergic</p><p>Cites in a month and then in 5 months and looks better. The joints hurt 70% less. The
allergic pictures to dust and pollen, decreased 70%. Tolerates all foods, including mole, spicy
candy, guacamole and beer. IBS with stool formed. (He says that he had not evacuated solid for
years). Increased 200 grams. Abdominal diameter 76 centimeters, Blood Pressure 102/65,
Pulse 78X´. Temperature 98.0600° F. Breathes 18X´ Tolerated Lactobacillus reuteri (Pylopass).
Inulin 0.453Gm. One a day. After breakfast: One month.</p><h4>Comments</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The Intestinal Microbiota Transplant (IMT) is a methodology that can be used in patients
affected by Cancer, due to its good results. It has been suggested that the Intestinal Microbiota
can modulate the effectiveness of cancer therapies, especially immunotherapy [2]. Although it
has been shown that the microbiota may have no actions, decrease
or increase in susceptibility to cancer. It turns out that investigating
these effects, as well as applying knowledge to try to remedy these
frequent illnesses, is currently an extraordinarily interesting fact
[3]. Thus, we see that in addition to the impact that the microbiota
has on cancer, the one that has some probiotic of the Lactobacillus
rhamnoses type is added [4].</p><p>One of the most significant aspects that must be taken into account
in cancer patients is whether they are immunocompromised
or not. Therefore, IMT we suggest, is carried out on that waiting
measure, when the immune compromise is minimal. Since in case
of performing IMT in patients with great immune compromise, it
can fall into the complex terrain of infectious processes [5].</p><h4>Now, where is the mind-heart link with cancermicrobiota?</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The gut-microbiota-brain axis has already been described and
more articles are observed in this regard, in the world literature,
where it is pointed out, that in this axis, there is two-way communication,
between the brain and the intestine, through biochemical
signals. That is this two-way communication, which perfectly coordinates
the immunological status, allows the microbiota to act, once
determined-between both components - the actions to be followed
and, thus, it is seen that the immune system responds favorably to
this communication, allowing clinical improvements, not only in
testicular cancer, but in most cancers, as well as in another series
of conditions of different kinds, highlighting those generated in the
systems, Gastrointestinal, dermatological, psychiatric, neurological,
endocrinological and others [6-9]. Where the mind-heart link with
cancer-microbiota lies, because in the gut-microbiota-brain axis,
already described.</p><h4>Conflicts of Interest</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The authors declare that they do not have affiliation or participation
in organizations with financial interests.</p><h4>Ethical Approval</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This report does not contain any study with human or animal
subjects carried out by the authors.</p><h4>Informed Consent</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The authors obtained informed written consent from the
patient, in order to develop this article.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"><b></b></a><b><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Diagnosis">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Comments">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Now, where is the mind-heart link with cancermicrobiota?">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Conflicts of Interest">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Ethical Approval">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="Informed Consent">
</a>
</b><b>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</b><b>
</b></p><ol>
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D, Wu J, Jin D, Wang B, Cao H (2018) Fecal microbiota transplantation
in cancer management: Current status and perspectives. Int J Cancer
145(8): 2021-2031.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838377">Garret WS (2015) Cancer and the microbiota. Science 348(6230): 80-86.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30609850">Vivarelli
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<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30940601">Wardill
HR, Secombe KR, Bryant RV, Hazenberg MD, Costello SP (2019) Adjuntive
fecal microbiota transplantation in supportive oncology: Emerging
indications and considerations in immunocompromised patients. E Bio
Medicine 44: 730-740.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28806201">Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2017) Brain gut microbiota axis and mental health. Psychosom Med 79(8): 820-926.</a></li>
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<li class="ref">Tiburcio ÁZ, Ruiz HB, López RPA (2019) Microbiota disease. Open J Bac 3(1): 008-010.</li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30844962">Molina
TC, Rodriguez AM, Roman P, Snachez LN, Cardona D (2019) Stress and the
gut microbiota brain axis. Behav Phamacol 30(2-3): 187-200.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/fulltext/GMR.000579.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/fulltext/GMR.000579.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Gastroenterology Medicine & Research</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/gmr/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-70216854308290528582022-07-26T05:22:00.001-07:002022-07-26T05:22:03.560-07:00Third Ventricle’s Chordoid Gliomas_Crimson Publishers<p>Third Ventricle’s Chordoid Gliomas by Behzad Saberi in Novel Approaches in Cancer Study_<a class="attribute-value">Cancer Research Articles</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbshQq0UALhMamQ7WByu8_LOn-ArPwXVZTCJ7XfyVXT0JUFAZB30tUdREGVQSje53UNiBOJPtqCqgecYiLgGcT7yWNuZ0TPFocVV-Bs8qQQ6RADkQa-8mya67S9yIOKLO7wB7LVfTLFubgwRMfuvviMg7mkGbWWufuPcC3Kq9uRZ52S5XVIBz6mJKCdA/s800/Novel%20Approaches%20in%20Cancer%20Study.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbshQq0UALhMamQ7WByu8_LOn-ArPwXVZTCJ7XfyVXT0JUFAZB30tUdREGVQSje53UNiBOJPtqCqgecYiLgGcT7yWNuZ0TPFocVV-Bs8qQQ6RADkQa-8mya67S9yIOKLO7wB7LVfTLFubgwRMfuvviMg7mkGbWWufuPcC3Kq9uRZ52S5XVIBz6mJKCdA/s320/Novel%20Approaches%20in%20Cancer%20Study.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/">Chordoid gliomas</a> are low grade tumors which are most commonly seen in women and in the adult population.
Clinical signs and symptoms of these tumors are mostly related to hydrocephalus which is obstructive
in nature. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/">Headache</a>, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/">nausea</a>, visual disturbances, imbalances in the endocrine system and autonomic
dysfunction can be seen in these tumors. <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/">MRI</a> with contrast is the best diagnostic imaging method for
such tumors. The best treatment method for such tumors would be complete surgical resection. In case
of incomplete resection, the prognosis can be poorer in comparison with complete surgical resection.</p>
</div><h4>Mini Review</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This is a brief review on the Third Ventricle’s Chordoid Gliomas and their pathogenesis.
Chordoid gliomas of the third ventricle are histologically characterized by chordoma-like
features. These rare tumors can be seen mostly in the adult patients group specifically in
the women population. These solid tumors are well-circumscribed which are adhered to
the wall of the third ventricle [1]. Their location is in the anterior part of the third ventricle.
These glioma tumors may be extended to reach the suprasellar region. Also, they may cause
a hydrocephalus which is obstructive in nature. Regarding differential diagnosis for chordoid
glioma, chordoid meningioma and chordoma should be of notice [2].</p><p>Chordomas contain physaliphorous cells. They also stain positive for cytokeratins. CD34
and lack of immunoreactivity for Glial fibrillary acidic protein, can also be seen in these tumors.
These findings differentiate chordomas from gliomas [3]. Chordoid meningiomas show some
meningeal features like psammoma bodies and whorl formation. Also, cordoid meningiomas
are negative for CD34 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein and positive for Epithelial membrane
antigen [4]. These characteristics differentiate chordoid meningiomas from chordoid gliomas.
Chordoid gliomas are different from common glioma and meningioma types. They do not
have chromosal imbalances. Also, there are not any CDK4, TP53, EGFR, MDM2 and CDKN2A
genetic alterations in chordoid gliomas [5].</p><p>Positivity for vimentin, CD34 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein can also be seen in the
chordoid glioma tumors. Different expressions of cytokeratines, S-100 and Epithelial
membrane antigen can be seen in chordoid gliomas. Lack of P53 nuclear accumulation can
be seen in such tumors either. The MIB1 index is less than five percent and the synaptophysin
is negative in the immunohistochemical profile of the chordoid gliomas [6]. The lymphoplasmacellular
infiltrations, are regular features of chordoid gliomas. There is no sign of
anaplasia and there is a low amount of mitotic activity in such tumors. Reactive astrogliosis
usually with Rosenthal fibers can be seen in these tumors which are demarcated from the
brain tissue around them [7].</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Mini Review">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10752904">Tonami H,
Kamehiro M, Oguchi M, Higashi K, Yamamoto I, et al. (2000) Chordoid
glioma of the third ventricle: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist
Tomogr 24(2): 336-338.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808539">Desouza RM,
Bodi I, Thomas N, Marsh H, Crocker M (2010) Chordoid glioma: Ten years
of a low-grade tumor with high morbidity. Skull Base 20(2):125-138.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716306">Ni HC, Piao
YS, Lu DH, Fu YJ, Ma XL, et al. (2013) Chordoid glioma of the third
ventricle: Four cases including one case with papillary features.
Neuropathology 33(2):134-139.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185888">Jung TY, Jung
S (2006) Third ventricular chordoid glioma with unusual aggressive
behavior. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 46(12): 605-608.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765825">Nakajima M,
Nakasu S, Hatsuda N, Takeichi Y, Watanabe K, et al. (2003) Third
ventricular chordoid glioma: Case report and review of the literature.
Surg Neurol 59(5): 424-428.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600220">Brat DJ,
Scheithauer BW, Staugaitis SM, Cortez SC, Brecher K, et al. (1998) Third
ventricular chordoid glioma: A distinct clinicopathologic entity. J
Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57(3): 283-290.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615418">Kobayashi T,
Tsugawa T, Hashizume C, Arita N, Hatano H, et al. (2013) Therapeutic
approach to chordoid glioma of the third ventricle. Neurol Med Chir
(Tokyo) 53(4): 249-255.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/fulltext/NACS.000579.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/fulltext/NACS.000579.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Cancer Research Articles</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-23392017215428946942022-07-25T05:01:00.004-07:002022-07-25T05:01:28.024-07:00Production and Characterization of Nutritious Peanut Butter Enhanced with Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato_Crimson Publishers<p>Production and Characterization of Nutritious
Peanut Butter Enhanced with Orange Fleshed
Sweet Potato by Naveen
Puppala in Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science_<a class="attribute-value">journal of food technology</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinLvoXDGgjcMCn8789d1LeNL0IMYhoclDH9zyZsie3de5GcIuD5SNUrXn-2_DOMlUajI4pz9pt3VgRTIkk0Oxf0UMjFdAZApOMXSrtpya8pyEc9xFjtdveGGnLL_11awjJkYRIHUBcoRSd2HQQTR1MAlT3jYLg4kKbtKCxPvVVJi_HCOB5R54K3gDcLA/s534/Novel%20Techniques%20in%20Nutrition%20and%20Food%20Science.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="534" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinLvoXDGgjcMCn8789d1LeNL0IMYhoclDH9zyZsie3de5GcIuD5SNUrXn-2_DOMlUajI4pz9pt3VgRTIkk0Oxf0UMjFdAZApOMXSrtpya8pyEc9xFjtdveGGnLL_11awjJkYRIHUBcoRSd2HQQTR1MAlT3jYLg4kKbtKCxPvVVJi_HCOB5R54K3gDcLA/s320/Novel%20Techniques%20in%20Nutrition%20and%20Food%20Science.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Peanuts worldwide are popular for their nutritional quality and commercial potential. Their consumption
in Uganda is high and second after common beans thus making them a suitable food for fortification to
fight the increasing vitamin A deficiency in the country. Consumption of orange fleshed sweet potato
(OFSP) is equally high in the country and this too offers potential to fortify peanut butter for increased
intake of vitamin A. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of producing a nutritious
peanut butter, with high shelf-life. An OFSP ratios of 0% (Control), 5% (Treatment 1), 10% (Treatment
2) and 15% (Treatment 3) were mixed with peanut butter. The product was assessed for proximate
composition using AOAC methods and sensory qualities. The shelf-life of product was also established by
determining the fat quality, beta-carotene retention and microbial quality. Fortifying peanut butter with
OFSP significantly increased the protein content from 20.47 to 27.76%, fat from 30.8 to 32.4%, sugars
from 2.96 to 25.51% and, beta-carotene from 244 to 1388μg 100g-1. In all treatments, the control had the
lowest amount of nutrient, while OFSP that was fortified with 15% peanut butter had the highest levels
of the nutrient. When OFSP was fortified with 10 and 15% peanut butter it resulted in higher retention
of β-carotene between 400 to 600μg 100-1g which could meet the daily World Health Organization
(WHO) recommendations of 350 to 500μg 100-1g. After storing the product for five months, OFSP that
was fortified with 10 and 15% peanut butter had good fat quality as reflected by the low acid value (AV)
below 0.9mg KOH-1 and peroxide value (PV) below 4mEq kg-1 respectively. There was a strong negative
correlation (r=0.049; p˂0.05) between peroxide formation and the amount of β-carotene in the peanut
butter. All peanut butter samples were free of dangerous levels of microbes. The peanut butter treated
with OFSP had acceptable sensory score of 6-7 on the scale of 1 to 9. The results suggest that peanut
butter fortified at 15% OFSP had greater shelf-life and meet the vitamin A requirements of school going
children.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Peanut butter; OFSP; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">β-carotene</a>; Fat quality</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Peanuts (<em><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">Arachis hypogaea L</a></em>) are popular worldwide because
of their value as plant protein source (23-35%) and fat (45-52%) [1].
The peanuts possess high nutritional and commercial value due to the
presence of fatty acids, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins
[2,3]. Globally, peanut consumption is relatively high and is consumed
either as roasted, cooked or as peanut butter [4]. In Uganda, peanuts
rank second with annual production of 210,000 tons in shell after common
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris; FAO, 2017). Peanuts are potential food
source for fortification since they are consumed widely in Uganda in
various forms as sauce, peanut butter and paste. In Uganda increasing
prevalence of vitamin A deficiency amongst children and pregnant women
has been reported at a rate of 19% to 20% respectively [5]. This
situation along with limited access to nutritious foods adversely
affects the wellbeing of children and adults. Consumption of peanut
butter fortified with vitamin A is considered as a way to reduce vitamin
A deficiency [6,7].</p><p>Peanut butter is a semi-perishable product with prolonged shelf life
due to its low moisture content [8]. Peanut products in storage are
exposed to ambient conditions, with exposure to sunlight. The heat
accumulated during storage and accelerates rancidity [8-10]. The rancid
peanut butter is unfit for consumption because of off flavors [11,12].
The β-carotene is a powerful antioxidant that provide protection against
oxidative processes in food systems [13,14]. The antioxidant activity
of β-carotene is attributed to their polyene frameworks [15]. Orange
Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP), one of the major sources of beta-carotene
is widely grown and consumed in Uganda [16]. In the year 1995,
researchers recognized the potential of OFSP varieties to address
widespread vitamin A deficiency in Sub Saharan Africa using integrated
agriculture-nutrition approach [17]. Use of OFSP is a rich plant-based
source of β-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A [17].
Through the multi-partner initiative, OFSP was launched in Uganda headed
by Harvest-Plus. Various Non-Government Organizations (NGO), Volunteer
Efforts for Development Concerns (VEDCO), Farming for Food and
Development Program-Eastern Uganda (FFDP-EU) and National Agricultural
Research Organization (NARO) have since disseminated OFSP in Uganda to
create awareness and have released varieties such as <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">Ejumula</a>, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">Vita</a>, and
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">Kabodeamong</a> others; and value addition for increased consumption [18].
Research has shown that OFSP has the potential to improve the vitamin A
status of individuals [19,20]. Study by Jaarsveld et al. (2005) showed
that, there was a 10% significant improvement in Vitamin A that liver
stores amongst the school children who were fed on OFSP. Product
diversity can be a driver to its increased consumption especially
amongst the children. This study therefore aimed at production of a
shelf stable, high nutritious OFSP-fortified peanut butter product that
could be used by school-going children.</p><h4>Materials and Methods</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong>Materials</strong></p><p>Twenty kilograms of peanut (Valencia variety) were obtained from the
National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, Soroti, Uganda.
Triglyceride stabilizer was purchased from Dansico Company, United
States of America (USA). Two hundred (200)kg of Orange fleshed sweet
potato roots (Kabode variety) were purchased from VEDCO Uganda at
maturity age of 4 months when roots have attained dark orange color and
expected to contain highest β-carotene content. Chemicals and reagents
used in laboratory analysis were obtained from Westford laboratory,
Kampala, Uganda.</p><p><strong>Preparation of OFSP peanut butter</strong></p><p>Peanut butter was produced following [21], with some modifications to
suit the available technology. Peanut kernels were selected, cleaned
using a 2-step wise cleaning method; 1) dry cleaning where sorting is
done, and 2) wet cleaning where the kernels were washed to remove dust
on the surfaces. The peanut kernels were then roasted in the electrical
oven (Model: GU-6) for 25 minutes at a temperature of 140 °C, then
cooled for 5 minutes and test was removed to ease sorting of seeds by
color to reduce the incidences of aflatoxin infection [22]. Peanuts that
passed sorting, were ground using a blade grinder (Capacitor Start
Motor; type: YC112M-2; HP 248A) till a smooth peanut butter was formed.
The OFSP flour was added to the smooth peanut butter in ratios of 0%
(C0), 5% (Treatment 1), 10% (Treatment 2) and 15% (Treatment 3). Varying
ratios were used to increase the concentration of β-carotene and
putting into consideration the effect of solids on the quality of peanut
butter [23]. The OFSP flour was chosen over OFSP pulp because of the
deteriorative effect that pulp can impose on the product due to high
moisture content. Mixing was done using a dough mixer (Type: 94/R10; No.
21602) for 15 minutes to achieve uniform and consistence mixture, and
0.7% of triglyceride stabilizer was added. The OFSP peanut butter and
control sample were packed in food grade plastic jars.</p><p><strong>Chemical analyses</strong></p><p>The samples packaged in food grade containers were delivered to
Makerere University chemistry laboratory for proximate analysis
(Moisture content, protein, fat, sucrose, fiber and beta-carotene), and
shelf stability (acid value, peroxide value, β-carotene retention and
microbial quality) studies.</p><p><strong>Moisture </strong></p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E001.png" /></p><p>About 3g of each sample was weighted in the dry dishes and weight
recorded. The dishes with the sample were put in the oven and dried for
about 6 hours at temperature of 95 °C. The dishes were then cooled in a
desiccator and weights recorded and percent moisture determined,</p><p><strong>Protein </strong></p><p>Crude protein content of samples was determined using the standard
Kjeldahl method [24]. About 0.2g of each sample was digested using 5ml
concentrated Sulphur acid and Kjeldahl tablets as catalysts. The sample
solution was heated slowly for the first 6 minutes, heated rapidly after
stabilization for 2 hours then left to cool. The digest was
quantitatively transferred to a 50ml volumetric flask and made to volume
with distilled water, then shaken to homogenize the solution. The
sample distillate was prepared by pipetting 10ml aliquots of the digest
in a Markham still (Foss, Tecator, Britain), 20 ml of 40% sodium
hydroxide was introduced into the distillation chamber and distillation
was allowed to proceed for about 4 minutes. The distillate was collected
into the conical flask containing 10 ml boric acid (4%) and mixed
indicators (bromocresol green and methyl red); the end point was marked
by color change back to the original brown color. The blank titer was
subtracted from the sample titer and the total crude protein determined
using the equation below:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E002.png" /></p><p>Note: (Titre X NHCL/1000 = No. of mole NH<sub>3</sub>)</p><p><strong>Dietary fiber </strong></p><p>Dietary fiber was determined on the basis of Acid Detergent Fibre
(ADF) standard method [24]. One gram of each sample was weighed and
mixed in 100ml of acid detergent fiber (28ml concentrated Sulphur acid
and 20g cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium Bromide) solution. The solution
was boiled for 1 hour on the fiber analyzer (Labconco Corporation,
Kansascity, Missouri 64132. Serial No. 246719) and then filtered through
a pre-weighed glass sintered crucible. The crucible was dried in the
oven for 30 minutes and cooled in the desiccator before weighing. The
fiber was determined using the formula below:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E003.png" /></p><p><strong>Fat</strong></p><p>About 3g of sample was weighed into a thimble in triplicates. The
thimbles and their contents were placed into 50ml of petroleum ether
(PE) in a beaker assembled in the Soxhlet system. The fat in the sample
was extracted using PE, by boiling at 115 °C for 20 minutes and then
rinsed for 45 minutes. The beakers were transferred to the oven to
evaporate off the PE and other water-soluble material for 30 minutes at
90 ᵒC. The beakers were cooled in the desiccator to room temperature and
weights taken.</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E004.png" /></p><p><strong>Sugar</strong></p><p>Total sugars were determined by hot water extraction method (AOAC,
2002). One gram of each sample of peanut butter was accurately weighed
into 250ml beakers to which 1ml lead acetate was added followed by 70ml
of hot water. The beakers with the contents were then placed on a hot
water bath at 80 °C and heated for 1 hour. To the cooled sample
solution, half a spatula of sodium bicarbonate was added to precipitate
all the excess lead acetate. The sample was then transferred to 100ml
volumetric flask quantitatively and shaken to mix well. A portion of the
sample was poured into test tubes and centrifuged at 700rpm for 5
minutes.</p><p>Five (5) ml of the clear solution of the sample, 1 ml of concentrated
Sulphur acid and 20ml of distilled water were added to 100ml conical
flasks and then heated to boiling for 10 minutes. The cooled solution
was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate and transferred quantitatively
to 50ml volumetric flask and made to volume with distilled water and
mixed. To develop the color, 1ml of sample was added followed by 1ml of
phenol (5%) and 5ml of concentrated sulphuric acid to a clean test tube
and mixed well. The absorbance of the solution was read off at 470nm.</p><p><strong>β</strong><strong>-carotene</strong></p><p>Following Rodriguez et al. [18], three (3)g of peanut butter was
weighed in the mortar. Using 50ml of cold acetone, the sample was ground
to extract the carotenoids. Experiment was repeated until the sample
was colorless, and then mixture was filtered through a funnel. About
30ml of petroleum ether where added to filtrate. To remove the acetone
residue, the mixture was washed in a 500ml separator funnel using 300ml
of distilled water, this was repeated three times. Petroleum ether (PE)
phase was collected in a 50ml volumetric flask through a funnel
containing 15g anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove residual water.
Absorbance of beta-carotene was read at 450nm using a spectrophotometry.</p><p><strong>Shelf stability of OFSP peanut butter under different conditions</strong></p><p>The peanut butter with added OFSP and control sample were stored on
shelf under ambient conditions that reflected the retail environment of
peanut butter and then analyzed for quality changes over a period of 5
months. Fat quality (acid value and peroxide value), β-carotene
retention and microbial quality (microorganisms of interest were <em>E. coli</em>, <em>S.aureus</em>, yeasts and moulds)was determined every after a month.</p><p><strong>Fat quality </strong></p><p><strong>Acid value (AV): </strong>Acid value of treatments and
control sample was determined [24] by weighing 3g of each sample into
100ml conical flask. Solvent mixture (50ml; neutral 95% ethanol: diethyl
ether, v/v) with phenolphthalein were added to the sample in the flask.
The mixture was allowed to stand for 20 minutes shaking at an interval
of 3 minutes to ensure that the free fatty acids in the sample dissolve
into the solvent. The supernatant was decanted off and was titrated with
standard sodium hydroxide solution to the pink endpoint (the pink color
persisting for at least 10 seconds). The acid value was expressed as
percentage.</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E005.png" /></p><p>Where;</p><p>V is the number of ml of NaOH solution used</p><p>N is the exact normality, and</p><p>M is the mass in g of the sample</p><p>Peroxide Value (PV)</p><p>The Peroxide value was determined [24] by weighing 5g of sample into a
beaker and mixed thoroughly in a 30ml mixture of 3:2 glacial acetic
acid and chloroform solution by vigorous shaking. Saturated potassium
iodide solution (0.5ml) was added to the mixture, as a result of which
iodine was liberated due to reaction with the peroxide. This was then
titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate, using
starch solution as indicator. The procedure was repeated to determine
the titration value for a blank sample. PV was calculated as below:</p><p><img alt="" src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.E006.png" /></p><p>Where;</p><p>S=Titration value of the sample (ml)</p><p>B=Titration value of the blank sample (ml)</p><p>N= Normality of the Sodium Thiosulphate solution= 0.01N</p><p>Sample Weight=5gm</p><h4>Microbial Analysis</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong><em>Staphylococcus auerus</em></strong></p><p>Ten (10) grams of peanut butter sample was added into sterile bottles
having 90ml peptone water. After thoroughly mixing, the sample was
serially diluted up to 10-6. Twenty ml Baird parker agar (BPA) was
poured on Petri-dishes and left to set at room temperature. After
complete solidification, the plates were inverted to avoid dripping of
condensed water on solidified agar. Duplicate samples (0.1ml) of
dilutions 10-1 and 10-2 were surface spread on the solidified plated
petri-dishes using sterile glass rod. The plates were incubated at 37 °C
for 3 days. Enumeration was done considering spreaders and clusters as a
single colony (ISO 21527-2)</p><p><strong>Yeasts and moulds</strong></p><p>Yeasts and moulds count were made by adding 10g of peanut butter
sample into sterile bottles having 90ml peptone water. After thoroughly
mixing, the sample was serially diluted up to 10-6. Acidified agar
(15-20ml) was poured on Petri dishes and left to set at room
temperature. After complete solidification, the plates were inverted to
avoid dripping of condensed water onto the solidified agar. Duplicate
samples (0.1ml) of 10-1 and 10-2 dilutions were surface spread on the
solidified plated petri-dishes using sterile glass rod. The plates were
incubated at 30 °C for 3 days in upright position because yeasts and
molds grow upwards. Enumeration was done considering spreading colonies
and clusters as a single colony (ISO 21527-2)</p><p><strong>Coliforms (<em>E-coli</em>)</strong></p><p>Ten grams of peanut butter sample were added into sterile test
bottles having 90ml peptone water. After thoroughly mixing, the sample
was serially diluted up to 10-6. Dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2 were taken
in duplicate samples (1ml) and pour plated using 20ml of violet red bile
agar. After thoroughly mixing, the plated sample was allowed to
solidify and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Counts were made
considering the purplish red colonies as coliform colonies and clusters
as single colonies (ISO 4832).</p><p><strong>Assessing acceptability of OFSP peanut butter</strong></p><p>Fifty (50) consumer panelists were recruited from the School of Food
Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University. The
panelists were briefed before the start of session. Four samples from
the five treatment combinations were presented to each panelist. Samples
were evaluated in the order of appearance on the ballot. Panelists were
asked to place a spoonful of peanut butter on plain bread to evaluate
the spread ability and consistency. They were also asked to rinse their
mouths with water between samples. The samples were evaluated and ranked
by the panelists for color, flavor, spread ability, consistency and
overall acceptability using 9-point Hedonic Scale, where 1=dislike
extremely, and 9=like extremely [25].</p><p><strong>Data analysis</strong></p><p>Data for sensory evaluation was analyzed using SPSS [26]. Data on
proximate analysis and keeping quality of the peanut butter sample were
tabulated and means subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 13<sup>th</sup> Edition). The means were separated using LSD (P≤0.05) to determine significant differences.</p><h4>Result and Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Although the moisture content of the control (C0) was significantly
lower than the treatment samples (P< 0.05), the moisture content of
the latter did not differ significantly implying that increased amount
of OFSP have no influence on the moisture content of the fortified
peanut butter. The moisture content of the control sample was 1.89%
which is in agreement with findings of McDaniel et al., 2012 who
reported that peanuts have moisture content between 1.4 to 2%. Fiber
content increased significantly (P<0.05) with an increase in the
ratio of added OFSP flour to peanut butter. The control sample had the
least fiber content, followed by treatment 1, 2, and 3. The increase in
the fiber content of the samples with increased ratio of OFSP could be
due to relatively high fiber content of OFSP which is reported to be in
the range of 1.8 to 3% [27].</p><p>The results showed that addition of OFSP to peanut butter does not
significantly affect the fat content of the peanut butter (Table 1). The
fat content of the control and treatments ranged between 30.83 to
32.45% though there was no significant difference among the samples. The
control sample (32.45%) and treatment 1 (32.53%) had the highest fat
content while treatment 3 (30.83%) had the least amount. The findings
also show that, the amount of fat decreased with increasing ratio of
OFSP flour added to the peanut butter. The current study showed that the
fat content of the peanut butter was between 32-30%, this is in
agreement with the findings of [28] who also reported peanut butter fat
content of 32% in the peanut butter. However, others reported higher fat
content between 49 to 51% [29-31]. This variation in fat content could
be due to differences in agro-ecology and varietal differences [21].
OFSP flour is devoid of fat 0.41% [32] and this could explain why there
was decrease in fat content of treatments with high ratio of OFSP flour.</p><p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Proximate analysis for peanut butter samples.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T001.png" title="Click here to view Large table 1" width="70%" /></a></center><p>Values are means±standard deviations. Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly
different (p>0.05).
Note: Control (0% OFSP), treatment 1 (5% OFSP flour), treatment 2 (10%OFSP flour) and treatment 3 (15% OFSP flour).</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Materials and Methods">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Microbial Analysis">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Result and Discussion">
</a>
<br />
</p><p>The sugar and β-carotene contents in the study significantly
increased with increasing addition of OFSP flour in peanut butter,
implying that the more OFSP flour used, the more sugar and β-carotene
content of the peanut butter. The control sample had the least content
of sugar and β-carotene of 2.96% and 244µg100g<sup>-1</sup> respectively
while Treatment 3 had the highest levels, over eight times and five
times of sugar (25.51%) and beta-carotene (1388µg100g<sup>-1</sup>)
respectively. The results also show that treatment 2 had higher sugar
and β-carotene content than Treatment 1, and both treatments had
significantly greater sugar and β-carotene than control. The sugar
content of the peanut butter was 2.96% which was in agreement with the
literature as stated by Settaluri et al. [2]. Sweet potatoes have a
relatively high sugar content, and this explains why increase in its
concentration led to significantly increased percentage of sugars.</p><p>According to study done by King et al. [33], he reported that peanuts
contain around 3µg/100g β-carotene, while [34] reported β-carotene
content in peanuts of 15.23µg/100g and Pattee et al. [35] reported
β-carotene of 60µg/100g. All the findings are in contrary to the results
of the current study, and this natural variation may be explained by
the geographical and varietal differences. On addition of OFSP to peanut
butter, beta-carotene increased to values that could meet the World
Health Organization [36] daily recommended in takes of 350 to 500µg100g<sup>-1</sup> for children between 5 and 16 years.</p><p>The protein content significantly ranged from 20.47 to 27.76%, with
control having the highest protein content (27.76%), followed by
treatment 1 (25.79%), then treatment 2 (24.36%) and lastly treatment 3
(20.47%). The results reflect that, as substitution ratio of OFSP
increased, the protein content of peanut butter reduced significantly.
The results obtained in the study are in agreement with what was
reported by Shakerardekani et al. [30]; Riveros et al. [31] and Singh et
al. [37], who reported protein content in peanut butter in the range of
22 to 30%. According to Low et al., 2010, OFSP has a low protein value
of 0.016% and this could explain why there was significant decrease in
protein content of product with increased substitution ratio of OFSP.</p><p><strong>Fat quality</strong></p><p>Fat quality is very important as far as storage of peanut butter is
concerned because it affects peanut butter shelf life due to oil
susceptibility to rancidity [30,31]. Rancidity is often used as an
indicator of the stability and edibility of oils [38-40].</p><p><strong>Acid value (AV)</strong></p><p>Changes in the AV of control (C0), Treatment 1 (5% OFSP), Treatment 2
(10% OFSP), and Treatment 3 (15% OFSP) (Figure 1) showed a gradual
increase as the OFSP ratios and storage time increased. Acid Value in 5<sup>th</sup>
month of storage increased significantly in all samples, with control
(C0) showing 109% increase followed by 91% in treatment 1, 81% in
treatment 2, and 76% in treatment 3. By the fifth month, AV of control
and treatment 1 had increased to 1.08 milli-grams of potassium hydroxide
per gram of fat (mgKOHg<sup>-1</sup>) and 1.004 mg KOHg<sup>-1</sup>respectively. Treatment 2 and treatment 3 were still below 1mgKOHg<sup>-1</sup>. Kirk et al. [40] stated that when acid value is in the range of 1 to 1.5mgKOHg-1, rancidity is detected by sensory tests.</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Changes in AV concentration of the OFSP peanut butter and control sample with storage time.
Line labeled ** shows the limit beyond which acidity of oils can start to affect sensory properties. Control sample
(C0), Treatment 1(5% OFSP), Treatment 2 (10% OFSP) and Treatment 3 (15% OFSP).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>The AV represents the amount of the free fatty acids present in food
sample and is determined by measuring the number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1g of
the sample. The AV also shows the extent to which the glycerides in the
oil have been decomposed by lipase [40]. Thus, every increase in the
potassium hydroxide shows the presence of more free fatty acids and also
indicates lipase activity on fats [41]. The free fatty acids increase
with storage time as described by Bendini et al. [38]. The increase is
triggered by exposure of lipase and other lipolytic materials to
atmospheric oxygen after peanut crushing [42]. Light and heat also
accelerate the breakdown and decomposition of fats to free fatty acids
[43]. Since the peanut butter samples were stored at ambient conditions,
there was a possibility of exposure to elevated temperatures and light
conditions during storage, which could have led to increased formation
of free fatty acids.</p><p><strong>Peroxide value (PV) of OFSP peanut butter samples</strong></p><p>From the first to the third month of storage, the treatment 2 and 3
did not register any peroxide unlike treatment 1which recorded some
peroxides. The control sample (C0) had peroxides formed in the second
month of storage. During the fourth and fifth month of storage, all the
samples had registered some levels of peroxides but with C0 registering
significantly high increase to a value of 19.62meqkg<sup>-1 </sup>(Figure
2). The results also show that, treatments with low OFSP ratio had high
rate of increase in the peroxide value. At peroxide value of 10meqkg<sup>-1</sup>,
oxidation reactions are initiated, and rancid flavors may start to be
noticed. The results however showed that, for the first four months of
storage PV was not high to cause rancidity unlike in the fifth month
where the PV for C0 significantly increased above the limit.</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Changes in PV with storage time for the different peanut butter with added OFSP and control sample.
Line labeled** indicates the induction period beyond which peroxide formation accelerates rapidly and
development of off flavors. Control sample (C0), Treatment 1 (5% OFSP), Treatment 2(10% OFSP) and Treatment
3 (15% OFSP).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>PV is an indicator of the initial stages of oxidative change in food
[44]. This method utilizes the principle of ferric ion complexion where
hydrogen peroxide (ROOH) is reduced with Fe<sup>2+</sup> leading to formation of Fe<sup>3+ </sup>complexes
[41]. The concentration of peroxides as represented by the PV is useful
in assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced. The report by
Azhar et al. [45] indicated that PV increased with storage time which is
in agreement with the current study which showed that PVs of the
samples increased with increasing storage time. Mailer et al. [46] also
claimed that more oxidation occurs in lipids with prolonged time of
storage. When the concentration of peroxides reaches an induction point
(10mEq/kg), complex chemical changes occur, and volatile products are
formed that are mainly the rancid taste and odour [38]. In the current
study, the PV for the different samples was between 2.5-19mEq/kg of fat
with C0 (19mEq/kg) having the highest and Treatment 3 the least PV
(2.5mEq/kg). Therefore, the OFSP peanut butter had not yet attained the
values necessary to produce the rancid flavors during the five months of
storage.</p><p>The presence of carotenoids in OFSP can inhibit the formation of
peroxides. Amongst the carotenoids, β-carotene has a higher potent for
peroxides, which involves formation of hydrogen radical abstraction
(ROO-CAR) complex, thus inhibiting utilization of the free radicals by
oxygen [15]. This may explain the reduced rates of peroxide formation in
samples with OFSP flour. Furthermore, peanuts have naturally occurring
phytochemicals like tocopherols and polyphenolics; these also play a
role in slowing or preventing lipid oxidation due to their
anti-oxidative nature [41,47].</p><p><strong>Relationship of PV and AV with OFSP levels and storage time</strong></p><p><strong>Table 2:</strong> Correlation of PV with independent variable AV, storage time and OFSP ratio.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T002.png" title="Click here to view Large table 2" width="70%" /></a></center><p>R2=68.9; Values with * have a significant positive or negative relationship at P≤0.05</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>There was no linear relationship between AV and OFSP ratio (r=
-0.1847, P≥0.05) (Table 2). However, a strong positive relationship
between AV and time of storage (r=0.8955, P≤0.05) was detected. PV was
significantly negatively (r=-0.4971) and positively (r=0.5852)
associated with OFSP ratio and storage time, respectively (Table2). The
correlations further show that AV significantly affected PV positively
(r= 0.758). The negative relationship between PV and OFSP indicates that
OFSP was resisting the formation of peroxides. This may be because
β-carotene contained in OFSP reacts with fat radical to form a stable
radical which does not quickly react with oxygen [48]. Antioxidants
terminate the free radical intermediates, by being oxidized themselves,
thus acting as reducing agents [48,49].</p><p><strong>β</strong><strong>-carotene retention of treatment samples with storage time</strong></p><p>In all the samples, β-carotene significantly reduced as the storage
time increased (Figure 3). The control sample (C0) had the least
β-carotene which also significantly kept on reducing with storage time.
Treatment 3 with highest level of β-carotene (1388.2µg/100g) in the 1<sup>st</sup> month of storage and it had reduced to 580.6µg/100g in the 5<sup>th</sup>
month. The results further show that, the reduction in β-carotene was
proportion to the amount present in the samples. Treatment 2 and 3 which
had high values, also registered a significantly high loss with
storage. However, at the end of the fifth month of storage, treatment 2
and 3 still had considerably high β-carotene levels compared to
treatment 1 and control (C0).</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Changes in β-carotene with storage time for the different peanut butter with added OFSP and control
sample.
Control sample (C0), Treatment 1: (5% OFSP flour), Treatment 2: (10%OFSP flour) and Treatment 3: (15% OFSP
flour).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/images/NTNF.000593.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>The losses in β-carotene over time may be due to exposure of peanut
butter samples to light during storage as β-carotene is sensitive to
heat and light [50]. The processing procedures and time also expose
β-carotene to oxygen which may further influence the losses as noted by
Bechoff et al. [51] and Wheatley [52]. In addition, the difficulty in
complete extraction of the carotenoids during analysis may have
introduced variability in the results obtained as it was also noted by
Bengtsson et al. [16]. Despite the fact that there was significant loss
in β-carotene during storage, the quantities retained by the Treatments 2
and 3 were high compared to the control sample. Thus, peanut butter
fortified with 10% and 15% OFSP can contribute some level of β-carotene o
the daily β-carotene requirements.</p><p><strong>Relationship between β-carotene with storage time, OFSP ratio and PV units</strong></p><p>Results in Table 3 show that β-carotene was significantly correlated
with storage time, OFSP flour and PV value while both storage time and
PV were negatively correlated (r=-0.5483 and; r=-0.5852) with the
β-carotene retention, respectively. On the other hand, there was a
strong positive correlation observed between OFSP ratio and the
β-carotene (r=0.7547, P≤0.05). The literature indicates that a decrease
in β-carotene during storage is natural [51]. This was also reflected in
the study as a strong negative correlation was noted between
beta-carotene and storage time (r=0.5483, P≤0.05). The decrease in
β-carotene can be addressed by increasing the amount added to the food.
The current study showed that β-carotene content correlates positively
with the amount of OFSP flour added in the sample (r=0.7547, P≤0.05)
indicating that an increase in the OFSP flour increased positively the
level of β-carotene. These findings agree with Bechoff et al. [12] and
Bengtsson et al. [16] who reported that more OFSP flour added in foods
increases the β-carotene content.</p><p><strong>Table 3:</strong> Correlation of B-carotene with other independent variables.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T003.png" title="Click here to view Large table 3" width="70%" /></a></center><p>R2=89.2; values with *have a significant positive or negative relationship (P≤0.05)</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Among other factors that influence β-carotene content, is oxidation.
Since β-carotene plays an anti-oxidative role, the increasing PVs of the
peanut butter samples negatively affected the retention of β-carotene
as it is expected that β-carotene is used up in the process of
inhibition of peroxide formation. β-carotene binds with the free
radicals and blocks oxygen uptake during oxidation and it is depleted as
it binds with the free radicals [37]. This phenomenon explains why
β-carotene correlates negatively with the PV and may also explain why
treatments with high OFSP registered lower values of PV since β-carotene
inhibited the formation of peroxides</p><p>Changes in microbial quality of OFSP peanut butter during storage.
The presence of microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, yeasts and molds in peanut butter can be detrimental to human
health [53,54]. In the present study (Table 4), all samples tested
negative for yeasts and molds and <em>E. coli</em>. However, Treatments 1, 2 and 3 tested positive for presence of <em>S. aureus </em>and C0 tested negative (Table 3). The <em>S. aureus</em> ranged from 5.1*100cfu/g to 4*101cfu/g with treatment 3 recording the highest and treatment 2 had the least. The counts of <em>S. aureus</em> in treated peanut butter decreased with storage time.</p><p><strong>Table 4:</strong> Changes in colony counts for microorganisms in peanut butter with OFSP and control sample during storage.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T004.png" title="Click here to view Large table 4" width="70%" /></a></center><p>N. D= Not Detected
Note: Control sample (C0), treatment 1 (5% OFSP flour), treatment 2 (10%OFSP flour) and treatment 3 (15% OFSP flour).</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><em>aureus</em> has several strains, and some are known for causing
food spoilage which doesn’t result into harm to the consumers but leads
to food wasting (Institute of Food Technologists and Food and Drug
Administration [55]. The production of <em>S. aureus</em> toxins is
favored by minimum water activity (aw) of 0.9 [56], yet the peanut
butter is known to have very low water activity of below 0.7 [56], which
does not support production of toxins.</p><p><em>S.aureus</em> competes poorly in most foods with low moisture
content [56,57], and owing to the fact the samples had moisture in the
range of 1.8 to 2% which is far below the required for growth <em>S. aureus</em>
and toxin production. This may also explain the reduction trend of
Staphylococci numbers in the peanut butter samples with storage time.</p><p>USDA (2010) set the minimum Coliform content to be below 3.6cfu/g and all samples were free of <em>E. coli</em>. This indicates good hygiene since the presence of coliform (<em>E. coli</em>)
in peanut butter can reflect the possibility of fecal contamination as
coliforms are considered normal flora of the intestinal tract of humans
and animals [52]. The set standard for the yeasts and moulds by UNBS et
al. [58] in peanut butter is ˂103cfu/g of sample which also shows that
the peanut butter produced is safe for consumption since the results
from microbial analysis reported absence of yeasts and moulds.</p><p><strong>Changes in sensory attributes of peanut butter with storage time</strong></p><p>No significant changes in color were noticed in all the samples
(Table 5). Although significant changes in aroma, spread ability,
oiliness, taste, flavor and overall acceptability were noticed in
samples with storage time; the sensory scores were within desirable
range of 6 to 7and according to sensory scale 6 represents like
moderately and 7 like much (Table 5). The sensory attributes are mainly
affected by the changes in the fat quality of the peanut butter products
due to fat oxidation [7,59]. However, the effect of fat oxidation was
not noticed in the OFSP enriched peanut butter samples except in the
control (C0). In the present study, microbial testing was done prior to
sensory evaluation [60-62] and all treatments were found to be
microbiologically safe for sensory evaluation.</p><p><strong>Table 5:</strong> Sensory changes for the control sample and peanut butter with added OFSP with storage time.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/table/NTNF.000593.T005.png" title="Click here to view Large table 5" width="70%" /></a></center><p>All values represent means ±SD; Values with same letter in a column are not significantly different (p≤0.05).
Control sample (C0), Treatment 1: (5% OFSP flour), Treatment 2: (10%OFSP flour) and Treatment 3: (15% OFSP flour).</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The findings suggest that use of OFSP in the production of
peanut butter improved β-carotene content, which increases with
high substitution levels. Treatment 3 with 15% OFSP had the
highest β-carotene, highest beta-carotene retention on shelf, better
fat quality and had acceptable sensory score. Thus, it is concluded
that OFSP can be used in peanut butter to enhance its nutritional
value (vitamin A requirements) of the school-going children. There
is a need to encourage the diverse utilization of OFSP in peanut
butter production to improve the vitamin A status of school going
children. This could be one of the most possible ways of improving
OFSP utilization by incorporating it in common local products like
Oddi.</p><h4>Acknowledgement</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This research was supported in part by Makerere University,
Uganda; by the Office of Agriculture, Research and Policy, Bureau
of Food Security, US Agency for International Development, under
the terms of Award No. AID-ECG-A-00-07-0001 to the University
of Georgia as management entity for the US Feed the Future
Innovation Lab on Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control. The
laboratory technicians of the School of Food Technology, Nutrition
and Bio-engineering (FTNB) are appreciated for the technical
support during the study.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Acknowledgement">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
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Poulaert M, Tomlins KI, Westby A, Menya G, et al. (2011) Retention and
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(IFT/FDA) (2003) Evaluation and definition of potentially hazardous
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SO, Ogunjobi MAK (2010) Nutritional and sensory evaluation of cashew
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DK, Biruma M, Deom MC (2010) Overview of groundnuts research in Uganda:
Past, present and future. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(39):
6448-6459.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/fulltext/NTNF.000593.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/fulltext/NTNF.000593.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>journal of food technology</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-80940771775006958022022-07-22T03:13:00.003-07:002022-07-22T03:13:37.386-07:00Increasing Importance of Using Artificial Intelligence Methods and Regarding Uncertainty in Mining and Tunneling Constructions (Special in Urban Spaces)_Crimson Publishers<p>Increasing Importance of Using Artificial
Intelligence Methods and Regarding Uncertainty in Mining and Tunneling
Constructions (Special in Urban Spaces) by Rafie Meraj in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science_<a class="attribute-value">open access journals in Mining & Mineral Science</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmpoRhdF01obmKquEVe3r6G-ePStbMZHfmjFoctrBmnVsa2ZvJ4js6OxtiS20y_s35i8ULk0TqVL_XuwVbSiz0HHCm6kCNjxcgq5OLSPbuFZhy8eWf-rEw8T-1-Hbp7cmnf0frfhi6ZSIUmn84wdQ11TEgU_0bIRZd88DYNI_YbULGZ_vT8BaIdAugw/s229/Aspects%20in%20Mining%20&%20Mineral%20Science.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmpoRhdF01obmKquEVe3r6G-ePStbMZHfmjFoctrBmnVsa2ZvJ4js6OxtiS20y_s35i8ULk0TqVL_XuwVbSiz0HHCm6kCNjxcgq5OLSPbuFZhy8eWf-rEw8T-1-Hbp7cmnf0frfhi6ZSIUmn84wdQ11TEgU_0bIRZd88DYNI_YbULGZ_vT8BaIdAugw/s1600/Aspects%20in%20Mining%20&%20Mineral%20Science.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Opinion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, the mining and tunneling
constructions are confronted with high complications in comparison to
the past. These complexities are more obvious in urban areas. It’s
caused increasing project’s risks.</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Opinion">
</a>
<strong>What factors have caused increasing of these complications?</strong>
</p><p><strong>Increasing effective parameters: </strong>With development of
technology and population growth in the world, effective parameters on
projects have increased more and more. For example, if we want to
construct a tunnel under a crowded city, we need to consider tensions
caused from buildings, people and automobiles. When we know some these
parameters are variable, regarding of them are very tough.</p><p><strong>Prediction of ground’s behavior is very difficult: </strong>In
analysis of ground’s behavior, we are encountered with some
uncertainty. The measure of this uncertainty has depended on intact of
ground, reducing intact is caused increasing uncertainty. As the city is
becoming crowded, required facilities for people are growing
continuously. Hence we have to use most spaces that exist underground.
For example, under a city, the number of constructions are increasing
for various purpose such as the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/">electric power grids</a>, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/">gas grids</a>,
municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, and
communication services. These constructs aren’t independent from each
other. So we have to consider all of them before the beginning of each
ones.</p><p><strong>Initial cost (before and during constructing a project): </strong>Today,
unlike in the past, the number of construction contractors have been
increased, so a high competitive space has been created to enter into a
project's contract. Therefore, contractors have to minimize costs,
whereas conditions have complicated and become hard.</p><p><strong>Secondary costs and atonements (after happening an accident during a project): </strong>The
immense costs imposed after failing a project are the most important
thing changed in comparison to the past. With the development of
communication technologies, public opinion has supervised on progress
and failure of projects. Sometimes, the costs caused from a project’s
damaging can be more than entire initial costs. Therefore, contractors
have to be careful about project’s risks before happening of them.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<strong>Why we need to use artificial intelligence?</strong>
</a></p><p>According to above mentions, uncertainties and complication
in mining and tunneling projects are a serious problem so we have
to consider them carefully in initial phases. On the other hand,
we know it is impossible to analyze ground’s behavior directly.
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI) can be a useful solution. Artificial
intelligence includes several various methods such as Artificial
Neural Network (ANN), pattern recognizing, image processing.
Each of these methods can be effective if we apply them correctly.
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/">ANN</a> has been used in prediction and management of underground
constructions risks that have been published in various journals.
The most important reason why AI is useful is that AI learn
relations of among effective parameters from real data. If it is
learned correctly, we can confide that complexity and uncertainty
have regarded appropriately.</p><p><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/fulltext/AMMS.000605.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/fulltext/AMMS.000605.php</a></p><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>open access journals in Mining & Mineral Science</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/</a></span></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-47928468462796100412022-07-21T05:04:00.004-07:002022-07-21T05:04:53.144-07:00Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patient with Bell’s Palsy: A Case Report_Crimson Publishers<p>Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patient
with Bell’s Palsy: A Case Report by Alvydas Gleiznys in Modern Research in Dentistry_<a class="attribute-value">International Journal of Dentistry</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0N8N8xkrvJ8qHaJ_SD_UTpKhbiA4abTMOLPYrIIqB7KPDZXkvdEUSR7WrrW3lN-ALkJ11f1cGcCpGyWhpLy_PIJSWCsBTFpp24_hyxe3tu8TKxBkyFRQwMGcd1KI2trTrDR4hiIvWGCrWIJOcYQLERsMFX_qARffEtbhVzXMB3l97-AZ3iRNE7EIkRQ/s312/Modern%20Research%20in%20Dentistry.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="312" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0N8N8xkrvJ8qHaJ_SD_UTpKhbiA4abTMOLPYrIIqB7KPDZXkvdEUSR7WrrW3lN-ALkJ11f1cGcCpGyWhpLy_PIJSWCsBTFpp24_hyxe3tu8TKxBkyFRQwMGcd1KI2trTrDR4hiIvWGCrWIJOcYQLERsMFX_qARffEtbhVzXMB3l97-AZ3iRNE7EIkRQ/s1600/Modern%20Research%20in%20Dentistry.png" width="312" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/">Bell’s palsy</a> is an <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/">idiopathic neuropathy</a> of the facial nerve, meaning
that a cause is unknown. It is usually recognized as an acute weakness
and disability to move one side of the entire face. Problems of speech,
swallowing and eating occur and the chance of the quick recovery takes 6
months (85% of patients) or is impossible at all. However, it is
inevitable to restore patient’s masticatory system and to return the
ability to live a comprehensive life. The purpose of the work is to
report a case of Bell’s Palsy, reveal advices and difficulties that were
met during this treatment.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> A clinical and radiographic examination for
the 51-year-old patient was made in accordance with neurologist,
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/">otorhinolaryngologist</a> and general doctor. Accordingly, an electronic
research was performed on databases such as The Cochrane Library, EMBASE
via Science Direct, MEDLINE via PubMed in order to collect as much
information as possible. All selected data was summarized and the
protocol of treatment for a patient was determined.</p>
<p><strong>Result:</strong> A clinical case presents our findings and
the protocol of the treatment, replenished with data from scientific
literature. The main aspects are mentioned with our plans to continue
our research how to improve prosthodontic treatment for patients with
<a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/">facial paralysis</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Clinical and radiographic analysis has
showed a need for a specific treatment. According to the clinical case,
the main anatomical structures were marked according which a required
border molding has to be reached for all types of patients and have
distinguished the ones that are inherent for patients with Bell’s palsy.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Bell’s palsy; Complete dentures; Border molding; Custom trays</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Bell’s palsy is known as facial paralysis that has an idiopathic
cause. This severe condition can appear because of unknown conditions
and complicates one’s life [1].</p><p>The main features of the Bell’s palsy are:</p><ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Facial droop and difficulty making facial expressions, such as closing eye or smiling;</li>
<li>Increased sensitivity of sound on the paralyzed side;</li>
<li>Pain through the jaw on the affected side;</li>
<li>A decreased ability to eat, chew, talk [1-3].</li>
</ol><p>Many different treatment approaches have been offered by neurologist
to the resolution for such one side paralysis and a patient was
motivated to accept dental treatment to recover his masticatory system.
In prosthodontics it appears indispensable to transfer the view from the
mouth to the casts. Sometimes mistakes occur and collaboration between
dental technician and a dentist interrupts, wherefore appropriate
treatment cannot be accomplished [4-9]. Accordingly, one of the most
important factors how to maintain this professional communication is
taking into account the correct determination of custom tray borders,
border molding and impressions [4-8]. Treatment becomes especially
difficult in edentulous patients with health disorders, so that we have
decided to announce our clinical case. The purpose of this case report
study was to perform an objective treatment for a patient with one side
facial paralysis, to determine the borders of an upper jaw custom tray
and to assure impression is ready to be sent to the laboratory [7,9,10].</p><h4>Case Report</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The case presented is of a 51-year-old male patient who came to our
Clinic with a medical history of Bell’s palsy. Treatment plan was based
on electronic research and the experience our doctors. The research was
based on three databases (The Cochrane Library, EMBASE via Science
Direct, MEDLINE via PubMed). It was performed by using keywords:
“complete dentures”, “border molding”, “and custom trays”, “ Bell ’s
palsy”. As inclusion criteria we have chosen clinical cases on humans,
English language, articles that have proven statistically confirmed
value. After screening the literature, detailed information was used for
the treatment. It was decided to extract teeth that cannot be restored.
After 4 weeks, preliminary impressions were made with alginate and
poured in Type III dental stone (Figure 1). After fabricating primary
casts, custom acrylic resin trays were made and single-step border
molding was done (Figure 2).</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Primary casts.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Case Report">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Upper jaw custom tray.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>By customizing individual trays and taking trial impressions, a few
main structures have shown a need to be checked whether custom tray
border molding is correct. After corrections and single-step border
molding, a final impression was taken. Accordingly, an asymmetry of
polyvinyl siloxane impression between both sides has shown manifesting
differences between normal and paralyzed sides (Figure 3). From the
photo it is clear that a deviation of the labial frenum is linked to the
paralyzed side, right buccal frenum is not expressed enough and the
right labial and buccal sulcus take less space than the left ones.
However, other structures are similar in both sides (Figure 4). On the
active side we could make functional moves in order to show off muscle
and mucous membrane activity, whilst the passive one only showed us a
regular anatomy without expressed amplitude of intraoral structures and
soft tissues. Even though a patient was incapable of moving the right
side of his face, during functional impressions his right side of the
case was manipulated by a doctor in order to achieve the best retention
and stability. Further treatment protocol steps were made the same as
for conventional complete dentures. Denture bases and wax rims were made
to record maxilla mandibular relationship. VDO (vertical dimension of
occlusion) was determined to be 2-3mm less than VDR (vertical dimension
of rest). Accordingly, the goal was successfully accomplished-dentures
have shown a satisfaction with the chewing efficiency. Patient’s
articulating, ability to talk and better esthetic appearance were
improved as well (Figure 5&6).</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Impression.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> Anatomical landmarks.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 5:</strong> Face frontal figure.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G005.png" title="Click here to view Large image 5" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Figure 6:</strong> Face profile figure.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G006.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/images/MRD.000606.G006.png" title="Click here to view Large image 6" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>One side facial paralysis has always been a challenge not only
for neurologists, otorhinolaryngologist and general doctors; it
creates the same difficulties for restorative dentistry specialists.
This case report presents an inexpensive and simple technique
how to evaluate whether an upper jaw impression is finished and
can be used for dentures fabrication. After analyzing custom trays,
functional impressions and casts, the main anatomical structures
that have to be reviewed carefully were sorted out: the labial frenum
is linked to the paralyzed side, right buccal frenum is not expressed
and the right labial and buccal sulcus take less space than the left
ones. Finally, a patient has shown a satisfaction and can spend his
days more comfortable and live comprehensive life.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li><a href="http://europepmc.org/article/MED/5573820">Hauser W, Karnes
W, Annis J, Kurland L (1971) Incidence and prognosis of Bell’s palsy in
the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 46(4): 258-264.</a></li>
<li>Yanagihara N (1988) Incidence of Bell’s palsy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97: 3-4.</li>
<li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410200511">Katusic
SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, Bergstralh EL, Kurland LT (1986)
Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell’s palsy, Rochester,
Minnesota, 1968-1982. Ann Neurol 20(5): 622- 627.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300571219300181">Komagamine
Y, Kanazawa M, Sato Y, Iwaki M, Jo A, Minakuchi S, et al. (2019)
Masticatory performance of different impression methods for complete
denture fabrication: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dentistry
83: 7-11.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(14)00297-2/abstract">Namratha
N, Shetty V (2014) A technique to evaluate custom tray border
extensions before peripheral molding. The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry 112(6): 1603-1604.</a></li>
<li>Kaur S, Datta K, Gupta S, Suman N (2016) Comparative analysis of the
retention of maxillary denture base with and without border molding
using zinc oxide eugenol impression paste. Indian Journal of Dentistry
7(1): 1-5.</li>
<li>Shopova D, Slavchev D (2019) Laboratory investigation of accuracy of
impression materials for border molding. Folia Medica 61(3): 435-443.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(18)30050-7/pdf">Pawar
R, Kulkarni R, Raipure P (2018) A modified technique for single-step
border molding. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 120(5): 654-657.</a></li>
<li>Lo Russo L, Caradonna G, Troiano G, Salamini A, Guida L, et al.
(2020) Three-dimensional differences between intraoral scans and
conventional impressions of edentulous jaws: A clinical study. The
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 123(2): 264-268.</li>
<li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1990.tb01403.x">Munakata
Y, Kasai S (2007) Determination of occlusal vertical dimension by means
of controlled pressure against tissues supporting a complete denture. J
Oral Rehabil 17(2): 145-150.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/fulltext/MRD.000606.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/fulltext/MRD.000606.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>International Journal of Dentistry</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/mrd/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-80451642034555868012022-07-20T05:12:00.001-07:002022-07-20T05:12:05.026-07:00 The Polymorphism of Time_Crimson Publishers<p>The Polymorphism of Time by Patrice F Dassonvillle in Forensic Science & Addiction Research_<a class="attribute-value">International Journal of Forensic Sciences</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAs74e7dLw4Rpnyorf_VJOPtVjNnfqwU5LjNd2qQNXn2GoK41WKUH2gZCrydFnUXAAYRBswoJA9F5kCOQoX-9yR0bsT6tKP9CZ4X3B_YNmrul4VDlTGXZYUTJU8RT_ZFv8tn_oXN0cwCkpnoJbP8Ro73SXMKABMhUQJuKUIwwpN9U0IMS2qo_-JYx-kg/s229/Forensic%20Science%20&%20Addiction%20Research.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAs74e7dLw4Rpnyorf_VJOPtVjNnfqwU5LjNd2qQNXn2GoK41WKUH2gZCrydFnUXAAYRBswoJA9F5kCOQoX-9yR0bsT6tKP9CZ4X3B_YNmrul4VDlTGXZYUTJU8RT_ZFv8tn_oXN0cwCkpnoJbP8Ro73SXMKABMhUQJuKUIwwpN9U0IMS2qo_-JYx-kg/s1600/Forensic%20Science%20&%20Addiction%20Research.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The knowledge of time is parasitized by numerous metaphors,
stereotypes and preconceived ideas, which prevent one to define
it. The efficient way to approach this notion is to look for its geohistorical
origins. Indeed, archaeology and ancient literature reveal
that time appeared in the form of what is now called units. Time
units are concepts which came from the interpretation of certain
natural phenomena, like the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/">lunation</a>, the return of seasons, the
alternation of days and nights, the flood of the Nile, etc.</p><h4>The Emergence of Time Units</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The oldest time unit is the lunar month, which was invented
between 4800 and 4500 years ago by the Sumerians [1]. The way
they were using it, leads to a basic definition: The lunar month is a
concept which corresponds to a lunation. It must be emphasized
that a lunation is a natural phenomenon, while the lunar month is
an interpretation of this phenomenon: a concept. All units of time
can be defined in the same way.</p><p>According to the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/">Roman Consul Ausonius</a> in 379 AD [2]: The
year is a concept which corresponds to the return of the seasons. A
more accurate definition: The year is a concept which corresponds
to one terrestrial revolution.</p><p>a. In other words, the phenomenon (a <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/">terrestrial revolution</a>)
leads to a concept (the year).</p><p>b. It is crucial to understand that the lunar month is not the
duration of a lunation and that the year is not the duration of a
terrestrial revolution.</p><p>c. In addition, time and duration are semantic nuances of
the same concept.</p><h4>Definition of Time</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The definition of time is drafted, compared to changes or
phenomena, in the same way as that of the units. Four examples:</p><p>a. The duration of a race is what the stopwatch does between
departure and arrival. It’s important to understand that we
don’t measure the duration of the race: we watch the clock; the
result is called duration of the race.</p><p>b. The duration of the travel is what the clock of the railway
station does simultaneously.</p><p>c. The duration of an event is what the clock does between
the beginning and the end of the event. Contrary to the everyday
language, there is no measure of duration.</p><p>d. Time is what a clock does between two states of the
configuration sun / earth. Contrary to thought habits, it’s not a
measure of time.</p><p>We can now draft a general definition of time compared to the
state of any system</p><p>a. Time is what a clock does simultaneously between two
states of any system.</p><p>A state change of a system, which is a phenomenon, leads to
the invention of time, which is a concept. Therefore time can be
expressed in relation to the state of any system.</p><h4>A Polymorphous Concept</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>These definitions look quite poor, but they lead to some
interesting theoretical extensions which confirm that time is not a
phenomenon:</p><p>a. Time is not a state variable, because it contains no
information on the system concerned.</p><p>b. Time has no physical properties; instead, it has
mathématical properties which are narrowly related to the
definitions:</p><p>• In any circumstance, time is irreversible, because states
are irreversible.</p><p>• In classical physics, it is continuous, determinist and
invariant.</p><p>• In statistical physics, it is invariant, stochastic and
continuous.</p><p>• In quantum physics, it is invariant, stochastic and
discontinuous.</p><p>• In Relativity, it is continuous, determinist and covariant.</p><p>In the black hole theory of Hawking [3], it is imaginary. For
example we can draft a definition of the imaginary time:</p><p>The imaginary time is a concept corresponding to what
separates two imaginary states of a system inside a black hole.</p><p>Time can’t be subjected to physical experiences, because it’s
a concept. Therefore, it is not observable and not measurable. For
example, the relativistic experiences are done on the states of the
relativistic systems, instead of time.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Time is an intermediate parameter between something we
know (a clock) and a phenomenon we don’t know (the state of a
system). It is an efficient invention of thought, although Einstein
questioned himself about a theory without time and space [4]. In
the years to come, we’ll see if the non-phenomenology of time has
an impact on the theoretical search.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="The Emergence of Time Units">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Definition of Time">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="A Polymorphous Concept">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php">Conteneau G (1937) La civilisation d’Assur et de Babylone-Payot.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php">Quet MH (2006) The crisis of the roman empire from marcus aurelius to
constantinus. La Crise de L’Empire Romain de Marc Aurèle à Constantin,
Presse de l’Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php">Hawking S, Penrose R (1996) The nature of space and time, Princeton
University Press, NJ, USA.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php">Klein E (2009) Le facteur temps ne sonne jamais deux fois. Champs Sciences.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000566.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>International Journal of Forensic Sciences</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-81550380305834925752022-07-19T05:16:00.005-07:002022-07-19T05:16:46.536-07:00 High Performance Fabrics Using Nanocellulose_Crimson Publishers<p>High Performance Fabrics Using Nanocellulose by Soonmo Choi in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology_<a class="attribute-value">Textile Science Engineering Journal</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysT9RjBiLKzryd2v0faV-8p86xRg_lpkuF2dc2pvRI-TZk39I822FA4iLiMknZRpPUvDpIf1T_C6NYQ3t9lJFiDUic_CQqx0pju8mB11Q1-I35M99kuhNUmtiMjk678RAVPXl8O3UAjq74ZLK3S5nxXYOLNqpDer6gzwxFUNJuy1r8DbvlwatljfyCg/s229/Trends%20in%20Textile%20Engineering%20&%20Fashion%20Technology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysT9RjBiLKzryd2v0faV-8p86xRg_lpkuF2dc2pvRI-TZk39I822FA4iLiMknZRpPUvDpIf1T_C6NYQ3t9lJFiDUic_CQqx0pju8mB11Q1-I35M99kuhNUmtiMjk678RAVPXl8O3UAjq74ZLK3S5nxXYOLNqpDer6gzwxFUNJuy1r8DbvlwatljfyCg/s1600/Trends%20in%20Textile%20Engineering%20&%20Fashion%20Technology.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer material, which is
extensively distributed in plants, marine animals such as tunicates,
fungi, bacteria.
Nowdays, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/">nanocellulose</a> such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/">cellulose nanocrystals</a> (CNCs), and <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/">cellulose nanowiskers</a> (CNWs) have come into the
spotlight as reinforcing fillers within nanocomposites including
reinforced textile due to its low cost, abundant, light-weight,
renewability as well as
nano-scale dimension. This article has focused on the employment of
cellulose nanomaterials in the preparation high performance fabrics. .</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> Nanocellulose; Fabrics; Nanocomposites; Finished textiles; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/">Reinforced textile</a></p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The investigation into nanocomposites has been currently
undergoing rapid growth in interdisciplinary field including
materials science, textile engineering, and biomaterials. Especrially,
many challenges of nanomaterials in textiles include nanocoated/
finished textiles, nanocomposite textile fiber materials, nanofiber
textiles, and nano-based non-wovens. In nanocomposite fields for
nanocellulose in textiles, need to improve the properties of cloth
or fabric materials have been increasing for durable and functional
apparel manufactured in a sustainable manner [1-3].</p><p>Cellulose has been employed in the paper, biomedical fields,
and researched as reinforcement for polymer nanocomposites
for about 150 years [4]. Recently, numerous studies have focused
on the isolation and production of nanocellulose such as cellulose
nanofibrils (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and cellulose
nanowiskers (CNWs) acting as a biobased alternative within
synthetic resins [5]. These materials are natural, abundant,
renewable, bio-degradable, high in strength and low in weight,
making them attractive for developing bio-based, more sustainable
product solutions. From these points, this new nanomaterials have
been used in broad ranges for industry, which is including structural
plastics, smart coatings, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, solar energy
collection [6]. This chapter will focus primarily on studies about
high performance fabrics using nanocellulose.</p><h3><b>Applications of nanocellulose for textile</b></h3><p>The deficiencies of other materials have led to the development
of nanomaterials for next-generation functional fabrics and
electronic textiles [7]. Nanocellulose is a promising material for
producing low cost fully recyclable flexible paper electronic devices
and systems due to desirable properties such as light weightness,
stiffness, non-toxicity, transparency, low thermal expansion,
gas impermeability and improved mechanical properties.
Nanocellulose has been utilized to allow for controlled slow release
functionalities of anti-microbials in hygiene textile products. Antimicrobial
nanocellulose is under development for applications in
wallpaper for hospitals; paper wipes; impregnated textiles; water
filters; food packaging materials [8,9].</p><p>The use of nanomaterials in textiles can allow for enhanced stain
repellence, reduce static, and improve electrical conductivity to
fibers without compromising their comfort and flexibility. Cellulose
nanofibers are more absorbent than superabsorbent polymers
(SAPs) and biodegradable [10]. More specifically, this article will
show a study about the nanocellulose treatment of fabrics.</p><h3><b>High performance fabrics</b></h3><p>In these days, using of nanoparticles as fillers or crosslinking
agent was focusing on improving cotton fabric. Cellulose
nanowiskers (CNWs) is used most commonly to make such
properties in remediation of some of the serious defects of easy care
and permanent press cotton fabrics. Shaheen et al. [11] reported that
new strategy for remediation of some of the serious defects of easy
care and permanent press cotton and blend fabrics was suggested
by virtue of using cellulose nanoparticles as reinforcement. And
new conducting nanocellulose-based materials were shown
through coating textile fabrics with conducting metals such as silver
and copper nanoparticles was manufactured. The fabric samples
were treated with CNW, CNW-PAAm copolymer, and NCEC (nano- sized
carbamoylethyl cellulose whiskers). Performance properties
of reinforced fabrics encompassing roughness, stiffness, abrasion,
crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation at break depicted
that, a significant enhancement in all properties for cotton samples
treated with any of the nanocellulosic used. In general, these
properties increased by increasing nanocellulose concentration
regardless of the nanocellulose used. Not only the treatment with
nanocellulose increased the mechanical properties of cotton
fabrics, but also the handle was to be softer and stronger than
untreated fabrics [11]. Oikonomou et al. [12] suggests a method to
evaluate cellulose−surfactant interactions with increased detection
sensitivity. The method is based on the use of cellulose nanocrystals
(CNCs), which are rod-shaped nanoparticles in the form of 200nm
laths that are negatively charged and can be dispersed in bulk
solutions. This technique developed could be exploited to rapidly
assess the deposition efficiency of fabric conditioners on cotton by
changing the amount and nature of chemicals in the formulations
[12].</p><p>Also, BC (Bacterial cellulose) was used to restore vulnerable
historic silk fabrics with degradable reinforcements by Wu et al.
[13] the high crystallinity and elastic modulus of the abundant
hydroxyl groups and BC formed good interfacial interaction
between the BC and the silk matrix and improved the crystallinity,
thermal stability and tensile strength of the restored samples.
Therefore, the degradable, environmentally friendly, solvent-free
material BC is a promising product for silk fabric restoration and
other reinforcement applications [13]. Nanocellulose is similar in
nature to cotton and is an attractive alternative to the synthetic
polymers used today for canvas consolidation. Nechyporchuk et
al. [5] showed different mechanical effect of cellulose nanofibrils
(CNF), carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF) and
cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as canvas consolidants. Nanocellulose
has higher degree of crystallinity compared to canvas fibers, which
may be a key towards long-term stability [5].</p><p>In addition, Chattopadhyay et al. [14] researched the effects
of nanocellulose treatment on polyester fabric [14]. These
nanoparticles have been applied to polyester fabric by padding
technique and manifested the improved physical and thermal
properties. The nanocellulose treatment also improved absorbency
and enhanced the color strength of fabric dyed with direct dyes,
which also improves the fastness towards soaping.</p><h4>Conclusion and Prospect</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Owing to nanocellulose’s versatility including abundance,
outstanding mechanical properties, low weight, biocompatibility,
biodegradability, it has been provided as promising materials for
nanocomposites. Nowdays, nanocomposite materials of cellulose
and polymers have received great attention. The interest in
cellulose-based nanocomposite comes from lightweight, high
strength as well as increased stiffness composite materials. The
nanocomposites have constantly found different applications,
such as materials science, hybrid materials, textile engineering,
surface engineering, and biomedical area. The rising adoption of
nanocomposites has led to growth of demand for nanocellulosebased
materials.</p><h4>Acknowledgment</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>This research was supported by the Basic Science Research
Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1A6A3A11930280
and NRF-2015R1C1A2A01056027).</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion and Prospect">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Acknowledgment">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657431">Dufresne A (2010) Processing of polymer nanocomposites reinforced
with polysaccharide nanocrystals. Molecules 15(6): 4111-4128.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15762621">Azizi-Samir MAS, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research
into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in
nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2): 612-626.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php">Dufresne A (2006) Comparing the mechanical properties of high
performances polymer nanocomposites from biological sources. Journal
of nanoscience and nanotechnology 6(2): 322-330.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.9881&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Yang KK, Wang XL, Wang YZ (2007) Progress in nanocomposite of
biodegradable polymer. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry
13(4): 485-500.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861718304004">Nechyporchuk O, Kolman K, Bridarolli A, Odlyha M, Bozec L, et al. (2018)
On the potential of using nanocellulose for consolidation of painting
canvases. Carbohydrate Polymers 194: 161-169.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php">Eichhorn SJ (2011) Cellulose nanowiskers: promising materials for
advanced applications. Soft Matter 7(2): 303-315.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25897592">Son D, Koo JH, Song JK, Kim JM, Lee MC, et al. (2015) Stretachable carbon
nanotube charge-trap floating-gate memory and logic devices for
wearable electronics. ACS Nano 9(5): 5585-5593.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18271-4">Ataide JA, de Carvalho NM, de Araujo Rebelo M, Chaud MV, et al.
(2017) Bacterial nanocellulse loaded with bromelain: Assessment of
antimicrobial, antioxidant and physical chemical properties. Scientific
Reports 7: 18031.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27258235">Sundaram J, Pant J, Goudie MJ, Mani S, Handa H (2016) Antimicrobial
and physicochemical characterization of biodegradable, nitric oxidereleasing
nanocellulose-chitosan packing membranes. J Agric Food
chem 64(25): 5260-5266.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861711010381">Kono H, Fujita S (2012) Biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels
derived from cellulose by esterification crosslinking with
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Carbohydrate Polymers
87(4): 2582-2588.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php">Hebeish A, Farag S, Shaheen TI (2018) High performance fabrics via
innovative reinforcement route suing cellulose nanoparticles. The
Journal of the textile institute 109: 186-194.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00191">Oikonomous EK, Mousseau F, Ghristov N, Crstobal G, Vacher A, et al.
(2017) Fabric Softener-cellulose nanocrystal interaction: A model
for assessing surfactant deposition on cotton. The Journal of Physical
Chemistry B 121: 2299-2307.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861711011507">Wua SQ, Li MY, Fang BS, Tong H (2012) Reinforcement of vulnerable
historic silk fabrics with bacterial cellulose film and its light aging
behavior. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(2): 496- 501.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php">Chattopadhyay DP, Patel BH (2016) Synthesis, characterization and
application of nano cellulose for enhanced performance of textiles.
Journal of Textile Science and Engineering 6: 248-255.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/fulltext/TTEFT.000565.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Textile Science Engineering Journal</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteft/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-89956577834908126662022-07-18T04:37:00.003-07:002022-07-18T04:37:25.625-07:00 Phytopathogenic Fungi: Useful Tools to Degrade Plant Biomass for Bioethanol Production_Crimson Publishers<p>Phytopathogenic Fungi: Useful Tools to
Degrade Plant Biomass for Bioethanol
Production by Gabriela
Piccolo Maitan Alfenas in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy_<a class="attribute-value">crimson publishers journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0edLh0BSqYUvaB57saWH558A4e9luvJppnp19Lib6uP22Oju1-kOtujGXJU_5RG1upkFzxbcqeSSbzmy7u68C6WtKtbYZ0JpidZtuHHDImayb9eeR7vxO-oZIBRR2zjBmb3aEX8GRYIYw9OamCnDbRd8Na_dixNR0zchb4O-VRLUH5ao0k_3AW1iY1A/s229/Modern%20Concepts%20&%20Developments%20in%20Agronomy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="171" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0edLh0BSqYUvaB57saWH558A4e9luvJppnp19Lib6uP22Oju1-kOtujGXJU_5RG1upkFzxbcqeSSbzmy7u68C6WtKtbYZ0JpidZtuHHDImayb9eeR7vxO-oZIBRR2zjBmb3aEX8GRYIYw9OamCnDbRd8Na_dixNR0zchb4O-VRLUH5ao0k_3AW1iY1A/s1600/Modern%20Concepts%20&%20Developments%20in%20Agronomy.jpg" width="171" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>Phytopathogenic fungi are able to produce enzymes for cell wall degradation when they attack the hosts
and there is a close relationship between the capacity of enzymatic secretion and the virulence of these
microorganisms. These enzymes are promising for biotechnological purposes and plant biomasses play
an important role for induction of their production by fungal species. Biomass is an economic alternative
to reduce pollution and to produce renewable fuels. The fungal enzymes are mainly applied for the
hydrolysis step of bioethanol production process, which is environmentally friend. Many phytopathogen
fungi are considered promising for enzymes production such as <i><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/">Chrysoporthe cubensis</a>, <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/">Ceratocystisfimbriata</a></i> and <i><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/">Fusarium verticillioides</a></i>.</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><h3><b>Plant biomasses</b></h3><p>Residues from agriculture, forests and industries have highly increased with the
expansion of the world population and studies stipulate that there will be around 8.5 billion
of persons by 2030 in the planet, which could cause serious environmental and socioeconomic
consequences [1]. However, agricultural by-products, which are lignocellulosic
wastes, constitute promising renewable resources for bioethanol production since they are
widely available and rich in polysaccharides as cellulose and hemicellulose [2]. The use of
plant biomasses as renewable energy reduces environmental problems such as pollution and
fires [1]. For bioethanol production from plant biomass, three major steps are necessary:
pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Pretreatment is required to alter the biomass
structure and to facilitate the enzymatic access; enzymatic hydrolysis converts polysaccharides
into monomeric sugars; and fermentation turns these sugars into ethanol [3]. The enzymatic
hydrolysis is the major bottleneck of the process due to the reduced efficiency and the high
costs of enzymes and fungi are the main producers of the enzymes for this step [3].</p><h3><b>Phytopathogen fungi</b></h3><p>Due to the expansion of planted areas, selection of most productive genotypes, climate
changes and transit of people and products, the occurrence of biotic diseases, especially
caused by fungi has increased, leading to great damages on crop yields [4]. Nearly 10 % of the
identified fungal species can cause disease in more than 10,000 plants and they show different
mode of actions since some fungi invade and colonize all tissues while others attack specific
parts of the plants such as seeds, leaves, roots or stems [5]. Therefore, several alternatives
are employed to control fungal diseases on plants, from the use of synthetic fungicides to the
application of biological controls [6]. However, to cause a disease, phytopathogen fungi secrete
enzymes to degrade hosts cell walls and there is a close relationship between the capacity
of enzymatic secretion and the fungal pathogenicity [7]. The production of extracellular
enzymes occurs not only to digest the polymers and to obtain nutrients for survival but also
to degrade the cell wall barrier for penetration and spread through the plant tissue [8]. Thus,
a more virulent phytopathogen shows great appeal for enzymes production.</p><p>Worldwide interest has focused on producing enzymes from
phytopathogenic fungi for several biotechnological applications,
including degradation of plant biomasses, i.e. agricultural residues,
for bioethanol production. Sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, soybean
hulls, powder toothpick yerba mate, corn and sorghum stover and
wheat bran are some of the most used biomasses for enzymatic
production by fungi [7,9,10]. The produced enzymes are mainly
applied for bioethanol production, which between the alternative
energy sources, is efficient and considered environmentally friend
due to its sustainable properties [1]. It is worthy to mention that
plant biomasses are used to cultivate fungi and to induce their
enzymatic production, but also as substrates for bioethanol
production, since they can be hydrolyzed into fermented sugars.</p><h3><b>Enzymes from phytopathogenic fungi</b></h3><p>Many phytopathogen fungi are promising for enzymes
production applied in the hydrolysis step for bioethanol production
processes. Recently, our research group has published data about
<i>Chrysoporthe cubensis</i> (Bruner) Gryzenhout & Wingf MJ [11],
<i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i> Ellis & Halst and <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>
(Sacc.) Nirenberg. Chrysoporthe cubensis causes Chrysoporthe
canker, one of the most important diseases of <i>Eucalyptus spp</i>.
in tropical and subtropical areas of the world [10]. This fungus
releases lignocellulolytic enzymes as cellulases, hemicellulases,
laccases and accessory enzymes of interest capable of efficiently
catalyze the hydrolysis of plant biomasses such as sugarcane
bagasse [7,9,12-14]. <i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i> was firstly described by
Halsted in 1980, causing sweet potato rot, and it is largely found
in several environments, mainly attacking crops in tropical climate
areas [15]. This fungus is able to produce an accessory enzyme,
β-xylosidase, essential for hemicellulose hydrolysis of sugarcane
bagasse [16]. <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> cause disease on maize
plantations representing a serious economic threat to its production
and quality [17]. This fungus is able to secrete endoglucanase, the
first enzyme to act on cellulose, and a multienzymatic complex
that contains two endoglucanases, one cellobiohydrolase and one
xylanase for biomass degradation [18].</p><h3><b>Final considerations</b></h3><p>Although we recognize the negative impact of the phytopatogenic
fungi on crop yields, concerning the serious consequences of
the distinct diseases, it is important to emphasize that these
microorganisms are useful for biotechnological purposes, especially
production of enzymes for agricultural residues degradation. These
enzymes are normally induced by biomasses, which is promising
for the environment and the economy, since the lignocellulosic
residues are highly available non-expensive resources. Applying
enzymes from phytopatogenic fungi for generation of renewable
fuels is a great possibility to regenerate waste and to extract useful
metabolites from these microorganisms.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/pdf/MCDA.000519.pdf">Rodrigues
A, Latawiec A (2018) Rethinking organic residues: the potential of
biomass in Brazil. Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy 1(4):
73-77.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30661103">Astolfi
V, Astolfi AL, Mazutti MA, Rigo E, Di Luccio M, et al. (2019)
Cellulolytic enzyme production from agricultural residues for biofuel
purpose on circular economy approach. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 42(5):
677-685.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214799314000101">Maitan
Alfenas GP, Visser EM, Guimarães VM (2015) Enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products.
Current Opinion in Food Science 1: 44-49.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3303">Seidl
R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin Benito D, Peltoniemi M, et al. (2017) Forest
disturbances under climate change. Nature Climate Change 7: 395-402.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25001456">Kubicek
CP, Starr TL, Glass NL (2014) Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and
their secretion in plant-pathogenic fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 52:
427-451.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31399889">Kaur T, Rani R, Manhas RK (2019) Biocontrol and plant growth promoting potential of phylogenetically new <em>Streptomyces</em> MR14 of rhizospheric origin. AMB Express 9(1): 125.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23313674">Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, de Almeida MN, Alfenas AC, Colodette JL, et al. (2013) <em>Chrysoporthe cubensis</em>:
a new source of cellulases and hemicellulases to application in biomass
saccharification processes. Bioresource Technol 130: 296-305.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26094192">Maitan
Alfenas GP, Visser EM, Alfenas RF, Nogueira BRG, Campos GC, et al.
(2015) The influence of pretreatment methods on saccharification of
sugarcane bagasse by an enzyme extract from Chrysoporthe cubensis and
commercial cocktails: A comparative study. Bioresour Technol 192:
670-676.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-016-9791-6">Orencio
Trejo M, Torres Granados J, Rangel Lara A, Beltrán Guerrero E, García
Aguilar S, et al. (2016) Cellulase and xylanase production by the
Mexican strain <em>Talaromyces stollii</em> LV186 and its application in the saccharification of pretreated corn and sorghum stover. BioEnergy Research 9(4): 1034-1045.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331378">Gasparotto
JM, Werle LB, Mazutti MA, Foletto EL, Kuhn RC, et al. (2015) Production
of cellulolytic enzymes and application of crude enzymatic extract for
saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol
175(1): 560-572.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786590">Heath RN, Gryzenhout M, Roux J, Wingfield MJ (2006) Discovery of the Canker Pathogen <em>Chrysoporthe austroafricana</em> on Native <em>Syzygium</em> in South Africa. Plant Dis 90(4): 433-438.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878818117303936">De
Andrade LGA, Maitan Alfenas GP, Morgan T, Gomes KS, Falkoski DL, et al.
(2017) Sugarcane bagasse saccharification by purified β-glucosidases
from <em>Chrysoporthe cubensis</em>. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 12: 199-205.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28013428">Gomes
KS, Maitan Alfenas GP, de Andrade LGA, Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, et
al. (2016) Purification and characterization of xylanases from the
fungus <em>Chrysoporthe cubensis</em> for production of xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 182(2): 818-830.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896443">Visser
EM, Falkoski DL, de Almeida MN, Maitan Alfenas GP, Guimarães VM (2013)
Production and application of an enzyme blend from <em>Chrysoporthe cubensis</em> and <em>Penicillium pinophilum</em> with potential for hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour Technol 144: 587-594.</a></li>
<li class="ref">Ferreira FA, Maffia LA, Barreto RW, Demuner NL, Pigatto S (2006) Sintomatologia da murcha de <em>Ceratocystis fimbriata</em> em eucalipto. Revista Árvore 30(2): 155-162.</li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878818117304796">Martins MP, Ventorim RZ, Coura RR, Maitan Alfenas GP, Alfenas RF, et al. (2018) The β-xylosidase from <em>Ceratocystis fimbriata</em> RM35 improves the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 13: 291-298.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28971734">Blacutt AA, Gold SE, Voss KA, Gao M, Glenn AE (2018) <em>Fusarium verticillioides</em>:
advancements in understanding the toxicity, virulence, and niche
adaptations of a model mycotoxigenic pathogen f maize. Phytopathology
108(3): 312-326.</a></li>
<li class="ref"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23819978">de
Almeida MN, Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, Ramos HJD, Visser EM, et al.
(2013) Characteristics of free endoglucanase and glycosidases
multienzyme complex from <em>Fusarium verticillioides</em>. Bioresour Technol 143: 413-422.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000604.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000604.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>crimson publishers journals</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-71334831591352277832022-07-15T04:46:00.006-07:002022-07-15T04:46:51.970-07:00Chronic Skeletal Muscle Damage Induced by a Demanding Physical Training is Not a Major PhysioPathological Factor for Overtraining Development in Wistar Rats_Crimson Publishers<p>Chronic Skeletal Muscle Damage Induced by
a Demanding Physical Training is Not a Major
PhysioPathological Factor for Overtraining
Development in Wistar Rats by Francisco
Leite in Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine_<a class="attribute-value">Journal of Sports Medicine</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3JEsAgrDwHvYaz7xZ-ltPkDXQPYC1V9edlIVrRUKV30UdyXZpkhGptQaQ7AjeNimaZTl1oOUKU4tl2ix6HcO1SPq2gTraLK4dyLKyiMW41fs6THKSwiUqZbZrAXtaGfTIEa4hjOaycbelQhkeYj0xCFY18jq7Q5b5dIHu93QJMPP67N1nt5qETC9LTQ/s751/Research%20&%20Investigations%20in%20Sports%20Medicine.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="751" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3JEsAgrDwHvYaz7xZ-ltPkDXQPYC1V9edlIVrRUKV30UdyXZpkhGptQaQ7AjeNimaZTl1oOUKU4tl2ix6HcO1SPq2gTraLK4dyLKyiMW41fs6THKSwiUqZbZrAXtaGfTIEa4hjOaycbelQhkeYj0xCFY18jq7Q5b5dIHu93QJMPP67N1nt5qETC9LTQ/s320/Research%20&%20Investigations%20in%20Sports%20Medicine.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>This study aimed to test the assumption that successive muscle damage accumulation due to the
training overload is in the origin of the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/">overtraining syndrome</a> (OTS), using the <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/">soleus</a> (SOL) and <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/">tibialisanterior</a> (TA) muscles of <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/">Wistar rats </a>exposed to a demanding exercise training protocol. Animals were
randomized distributed to a control group (CG, n=5) or to an exercised training group (EE, n=10), which
performed a treadmill running training (-20º; from 25m/min, progressive increase of 1.25m/min per day;
60min) for 6 times/week being sacrificed 1 (EE1, n=5) and 3 weeks (EE3, n=5) after the beginning of the
training program. Body weight, food intake, hair appearance, ability to perform work, and animals’ behavior
were measured during the protocol. After sacrifice, SOL and TA muscles were collected for histological
analysis. Both showed muscle damage signs in EE1 and EE3 through the increase of cell degeneration,
tissue necrosis, and inflammatory activity. However, no OTS signs were observed. In parallel to the occurrence
of muscle injury, adaptative signs in the exercised muscles were found, such as enhanced collagen
content and muscle fibers cross-sectional area. The great amount of chronic muscular damage in SOL and
TA was not associated with the OTS in the short (1 week) and medium-term (3 weeks). Further, muscle
damage demonstrated different behaviors according to the type of work that each muscle has performed,
questioning the use of systemic markers of muscle damage as reliable methods to study the relationship
between skeletal muscle damage and OTS.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Training overload; Muscle injury; Eccentric exercise; Soleus muscle; Tibialis anterior muscle</p>
<p><strong>Abbreviations:</strong> BW: Body Weight; CD: Cellular Degeneration; CG: Control Group; CK: Creatine Kinase;
CSA: Cross-Sectional Area; DPX: Dibutyl Xylene Phthalate; EE: Exercised Training Group; EE1: 1-Week Exercised
Training Subgroup; EE3: 3-Week Exercised Training Subgroup; EM: Exercise Myopathy; FI: Food
Intake; H&E: Hematoxylin-Eosin; IA: Inflammatory Activity; N: Necrosis Extent; NP: Nuclei Position; OTS:
OvertraingSyndrome; PE: Physical Exercise; rTAW: Relative Tibialis Anterior Weight; rSW: Relative Soleus
Weight; SOL: Soleus; SOLCC: Soleus Collagen Content; SOLCSA: Soleus Cross-Sectional Area; SOLMD: Soleus
Muscle Damage; SOLNP: Soleus Nuclei Position; SW: Soleus Weight; TA: Tibialis Anterior; TACC: Tibialis
Anterior Collagen Content; TACSA: Tibialis Anterior Cross-Sectional Area; TAMD: Tibialis Anterior Muscle
Damage; TANP: Tibialis Anterior Nuclei Position; TAW: Tibialis Anterior Weight; TD: Total Damage; TO:
Tissue Organization</p>
</div><h4>Introduction</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Strenuous and unusual physical exercise (PE) performances are the
origin of
ananatomopathological condition named exercise myopathy (EM) [1,2]. The
EM is
characterized by an amount of acute changes in skeletal muscle tissue
with local and systemic
repercussions [3]. Specifically, strenuous and unusual PE, particularly
when composed by
eccentric contractions, induces short-term muscle damage such as
striated muscle pattern
disorganization or necrosis areas as well as increased inflammatory
response. However,
between two to three weeks after exercise, it’s possible to observe the
return to normal muscle
tissue structure. Continuous PE practice confers to skeletal muscle a
greater adaptative
capacity which causes a smaller muscle damage amplitude after PE
practice sessions [4,5].
Indeed, the training seems to provide adaptations in the myofibrillar
structure and in other
cellular compartments which, consequently, reduce the muscle damage and
the consequent
tissue inflammatory response [6]. Competitive athletes are confronted
daily with the limits of
their physical abilities [7]. Currently, these limitations appear in
several contexts and are not
exclusive of elite athletes [8,9], once they are also commonly observed
in young categories and in recreative environments [8,9] specially when
the training
programs are characterized by high intensity loads and short rest
periods [8,9]. Indeed, training programs that combine elevated
demands, great amount of eccentric contractions, and reduced rest
periods provide to athletes a greater risk of exceeding the limits of
their adaptive abilities and, subsequently, evidencing progressively
a lesser muscle tolerance to training stimuli [10].</p><p>When the adaptive ability limit is exceeded, skeletal muscles
becomes intolerant to exercise due to the continuous damage
caused by repeated PE stress, originating a long-term muscle injury
accumulation [11].It is believed that this successive muscle damage
accumulation due to the training overload is the origin of a chronic
condition designated by overtraining syndrome (OTS) [11,12]. The
OTS is described by a decreased functional performance capacity
and intolerance to exercise, accompanied by nervous, endocrine,
and immune systems dysfuntion [13,14]. Of note that to support
the association between muscle injury and the occurrence of OTS
the literature just present indirect markers of muscle damage, such
as the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK). However, serum CK
response during muscular damage shows a huge interindividual
variability, which reducing the sensitivity and specificity of this
parameter as indicator of damage, makes the association of OTS
and chronic muscle injury less reliable [15]. On the other hand,
there are no scientific direct evidences associating the chronic
structural muscle damage induced by training overload with the
occurrence of OTS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify
in soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of Wistar rats,
the relationship between chronic muscle damage induced by
demanding exercise training and the occurrence of the overtraining
syndrome. The exercise protocol was designed to promote a high
and continued level of muscle damage since it has combined a
high-running velocity performed with a negative slope and short
rest periods between exercise bouts. Based on the widely belief, we
hypothesize that the great amount of accumulated muscle damage
in the studied muscles is closely associated with OTS signs, in the
short (1 week) and medium term (3 weeks) after the beginning of
the training protocol.</p><h4>Materials and Methods</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong>Animals and experimental design</strong></p><p>Fifteen male Wistar rats from Charles River Laboratories (Barcelona,
Spain) with 4-weeks old were used in this study. The animals were housed
in collective cages (2 per cage) with a temperature and
humidity-controlled environment (21-22ºC and 50-60%, respectively) and
12h light/dark inverted cycle. The animals had food and water access <em>ad libitum</em>
(standard laboratory diet 4RF21®, Mucedola, Italy). After one week of
acclimatization, the animals were randomly distributed into 2 groups:
control group (CG, n=5, body weight 161.8±7.05g) and exercise training
group (EE group, n=10, body weight 164.7±16.82g). The animals of this
group were sacrificed in different subgroups, at short-term, in the end
of first week (EE1 subgroup, n=5, body weight 158.8±16.32g) and at
medium-term, in the end of third week (EE3 subgroup, n=5, body weight
170.6±16.83g). The exercised rats had one-week adaptation to the
treadmill (10 minute/day without slope with a low intensity), and then,
both experimental groups were submitted to a treadmill training protocol
(Treadmill Control LE 8710, Harvard Apparatus, USA) with a 20º negative
slope. The experimental protocol consisted in a progressive increased
of intensity running ranging from 25 to 48 meters/minute for 1 hour/day,
6 days per week throughout 1-week and 3-weeks, respectively. The
running protocol starts with an intensity of 25 meters/minute which
intensity increased 1.25 meters/minute in each training session,
reaching at the end of first and third weeks, a maximal intensity of
32.5 meters/minute and 48 meters/minute, respectively. The animals of CG
remained limited to their cage space during all the study. Animal’s
weight and amount of food consumption were daily assessed before each
training session. All procedures were carried out to provide appropriate
animal care, minimizing their suffering. Housing and experimental
treatment of the animals were in accordance with the guidelines defined
by the European Council Directive (2010/63/EU) transposed into
Portuguese law (Law number 113/2013, August 7th).</p><p><strong>Criteria to assess overtraining</strong></p><p>In humans it is possible to identify signs of overtraining not only
by the decrease of the sport performance but also earlier by behavioral
changes, such as the increase of the irritability, the aggressiveness
and the anxiety or the lack of appetite [16]. However, in animals there
is no set of validated parameters that allow us to evaluate that kind of
behaviour. Thus, in this study, in order to detect and quantify the
occurrence of OTS in the exercised groups we used the following
parameters:</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Changes in the body weight (BW),</li>
<li>Evolution of food intake (FI),</li>
<li>The animals´ behavior,</li>
<li>Their hair appearance,</li>
<li>Signs of nose bleed, and</li>
<li>The animals’ ability to perform and tolerate the imposed running demand.</li>
</ol><p>Namely, it was observed whether the experimental groups showed
comparatively to CG, decreases in weight and food intake as well as
abnormal behavior, characterized by a passive attitude in the periphery
of an open field, without exploratory appetence [17]. Moreover, it was
noted if the animals had bristly hairs and signs of nose bleed [18,19].
As a functional criterion, we observed the rats’ ability to perform the
physical effort imposed in each training session [20].</p><p><strong>Animals sacrifice and samples collection</strong></p><p>One day after the end of the experimental protocol, the animals were
weighed and anesthetized with Ketamine (90 mg/kg, Merial, France) and
Xylazine (10 mg/kg, Bayer, Germany) and euthanized by exsanguination.
After animals’ weight assessment, the SOL and TA were harvested, washed
in PBS (pH 7.2), weighed in a precision balance (resolution 0.01 mg;
Kern 870, Balingen, Germany), and processed immediately for light
microscopy. After SOL and TA weights mensuration (SW and TAW,
respectively), relative soleus and tibialis anterior weights (rSW and
TAW, respectively) were calculated by the respective ratio for BW and
expressed as percentage (%).</p><p><strong>Histological analysis</strong></p><p>After soleus and tibialis anterior excision, the muscles were 24h
fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution at 4ºC, dehydrated through graded
ethanol solutions, cleared in xylene and mounted in paraffin. 5µm thick
sections from both muscles were cut by microtome (Leica, RM2125) and
used for assessing fibrous tissue, muscle fibers cross-sectional area,
muscle fibers’ nuclei position and rates of muscular damage. The
sections were analyzed with a light microscope (Axior Imager A1, Carl
Zeiss, Germany) and images recorded with a coupled digital camera (Leica
DM4000B, Nussloch,Germany).</p><p><strong>Total collagen content analysis</strong></p><p>To fibrous tissue accumulation assessment, SOL and TA sections were
stained with Picrosirius Red according to the method of Sweat &
Puchtler [21] by incubation on 0.1% Sirius redpicric acid for 90
minutes. Them, sections were rinsed in 0.5% acetic acid, dehydrated in
ethanol and cleared in xylene. The collagen and the remained muscular
tissue stains in red light and yellow, respectively. The software
Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Inc) was used to quantify the
percentage of area (µm<sub>2</sub>) covered by the colors corresponding to the respective tissues. For each muscle, 6 photos per animal were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Cross-sectional area and muscle fibers nuclei position analysis</strong></p><p>SOL and TA sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E).
The H&E protocol consisted of immersing the sections in Mayer's
hematoxylin solution for 5 min, followed by its immersion in 1% eosin
solution for 10 minutes, alcoholic dehydration and immersion in xylene
for 5 min succeeded by posterior laminar assembly with DPX (dibutyl
xylene phthalate; Shandon EZ-Mount, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA).
The NIH Image J software (Image Processing and Analysis in Java, USA)
was utilized to analyze muscles fibers cross sectional area (CSA) and
nuclei position (NP). In both analyses 6 photos/muscle/animal were used.
To analyze nuclei position, all the fibers contained in the photos were
analyzed. The number of muscle fibers with central nuclei was expressed
as a percentage of total fibers analyzed. A total of 5920 muscle fibers
from SOL were analyzed, specifically 2488 fibers from CG, 2217 fibers
from EE1 subgroup, and 1215 fibers from EE3 subgroup. Meanwhile, a total
of 8324 muscle fibers from TA were analyzed, namely 3154 fibers from
CG, 3108 fibers from EE1 subgroup, and 2062 fibers from EE3 subgroup.</p><p><strong>Muscle damage evaluation</strong></p><p>Muscular damage was assessed according to a semi-quantitative
procedure [22,23], adapted to the skeletal muscle tissue. Randomly
photos from cuts stained with H&E were evaluated in accordance with 4
parameters:</p><ol>
<li>The inflammatory activity (IA),</li>
<li>The necrosis extent (N),</li>
<li>The tissue disorganization (TO) and</li>
<li>The cellular degeneration (CD).</li>
</ol><p>The level of tissue inflammatory activity (i.e., interstitial and
inner leucocytes) was scored as follows: grade 0 = no cellular
infiltration; grade 1 = mild leukocyte infiltration (1 to 3 cells per
image); grade 2 = moderate infiltration (4 to 6 leukocyte sper visual
field); grade 3 = heavy infiltration by leucocytes. The severity of
necrosis extent (i.e., necrotic and eosinophilic muscular fibers) was
scored as: grade 0 = no necrosis; grade 1 = dispersed necrotic foci;
grade 2 = confluent necrotic areas; grade 3 = massive necrosis. The
level of tissue disorganization was scored as: score 0 = normal
structure; score 1 = less than one-third of the image; score 2 = greater
than one-third and less than two-thirds of the image; score 3 = greater
than two-thirds of the image. The level of cellular degeneration (i.e.,
fibers dilatation, sarcoplasm vacuolization and density) was scored as
percentage of the affected tissue: score 0 = no change from normal;
score 1 = a limited number of muscle fibers (up to 5% of total number);
score 2 = groups of affected muscle fibers (5 to 30% of total muscle
fibers number); score 3 = diffuse cell damage (more than 30% of total
muscle fibers number). After, all the previous parameters were summed to
produce a total muscle damage (TD) score. For each muscle/animal, at
least 10 microscopic visual field were analyzed using an objective of
40x.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis</strong></p><p>The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism® (version
8.00, Graph Pad Software, San Diego, California, USA). The
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to investigate the data normality
in variables with n>50 from SOL and TA cross-sectional area (SOLCSA
and TACSA, respectively) and SOL muscle damage (SOLMD), while the
Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to investigate the data normality when
n<50 from BW, SW, TAW, rSW, rTAW, SOL and TA collagen content (SOLCC
and TACC, respectively), SOL and TA nuclei position (SOLNP and TANP,
respectively), TA muscle damage (TAMD) and the FI. The one-way ANOVA
followed by the Tukey post hoc comparison test was used to analyze data
with normal distribution (BW, SW, SOLCC, TACC and FI). The data with
abnormal distribution were then analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis followed by
the Dunn´s post hoc comparison test (rSW, TAW, rATW, SOLCSA, TACSA,
SOLANP, TANP, SOLMD and TAMD). Differences were considered significant
at p˂0.001, and the obtained data were expressed as a mean±standard
deviation for normal distributed data or as median with percentiles 25
and 75 (P25-P75) for abnormal distributed data.</p><h4>Result and Discussion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><strong>Overtraining outcomes</strong></p><p>The results allusive to body weight and food intake evolution are
expressed in Figure 1. In both weeks were demonstrated significative
differences in BW. The EE1 subgroup (207.0±13.58g) presented a
significant BW decrease (p<0.001) when compared to CG (276.4±12.64g).
Further, the EE3 subgroup (291.6±29.92g) exhibited a significant BW
increase (p<0.0001) in comparison to EE1 subgroup. Regarding to the
daily FI, although EE3 subgroup (24.4±3.37g) presented a higher mean
comparatively to CG (23.9±2.91g) and EE1 subgroup (21.2±2.51g), no
significant differences were detected from the comparison among them.
Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the animal
behavior and on the state of the hair as well as in the ability to
perform the imposed demand. Although the animals showed a BW decrease in
the first week, this was recovered throughout the experiment. Thus,
from the evaluation criteria analysis, we can observe that the exercised
subgroups did not show overtraining signs (Figure 1).</p><p><strong>Figure 1:</strong> The mean value with standard deviation of body weight and the food intake for the CG (control group)
and exercised group at short (EE1, after 1 week of training) and medium-term (EE3, after 3 weeks of training) are
depicted in a and b, respectively.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G001.png" title="Click here to view Large image 1" width="60%" /></a></center><p>*p<0.001 vs. CG; #p<0.001 vs. EE1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Introduction">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Materials and Methods">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Result and Discussion">
</a>
<br />
</p><p><strong>Muscles outcomes</strong></p><p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Muscles weights (g).</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T001.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T001.png" title="Click here to view Large table 1" width="70%" /></a></center><p>Control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise (EE1) and
3-weeks eccentric exercise (EE3) subgroups.
SW: Soleus Weight; rSW: Relative Soleus Weight; TAW:
Tibialis Anterior Weight; rTAW:Relative Tibialis Anterior
Weight</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>As we can observe in Table 1, no significant differences were
presented by the absolute and relative weight of SOL and TA muscles
(Table 1).</p><p><strong>Cross-sectional area outcomes</strong></p><p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Representative light micrographs of soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise
(EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise (EE3), stained with hematoxilin & eosin, are depicted in a. The boxplot
graphic presents the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of muscle fibers cross sectional area for the CG and
each exercised subgroup, is are shown in b.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G002.png" title="Click here to view Large image 2" width="60%" /></a></center><p>*p<0.001 vs. CG; #p<0.001 vs. EE1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Soleus CSA results are labelled in Figure 2. The EE3 subgroup
presented the largest CSA among all groups. Namely, the EE3 presented a
median of 1559.0µm<sub>2</sub> (1308.0-1909.9µm<sub>2</sub>) while the CG and EE1 subgroup showed a median of 732.3µm<sub>2</sub> (532.21-1032.7µm<sub>2</sub>) and 797.7µm<sub>2</sub> (637.94-1016.6µm<sub>2</sub>),
respectively. Specifically, the EE3 subgroup presented a pronounced and
significant increase in CSA compared to CG (p<0.0001) and EE1
(p<0.0001) subgroup. Further, the EE1 subgroup also demonstrated a
significant increase in CSA comparatively to CG (p<0.0001) (Figure
2).</p><p><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Representative light micrographs of tibialis anterior muscles from control group (CG), 1- week eccentric
exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with hematoxylin & eosin, are
depicted in a. The boxplot graphic presents the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of of muscle fibers crosssectional
area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, is shown in b.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G003.png" title="Click here to view Large image 3" width="60%" /></a></center><p>*p<0.001 vs. CG; #p<0.001 vs. EE1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>The results regarding TA CSA are shown in Figure 3. EE3 subgroup
exhibited a significantly increase of TA CSA compared to CG and EE1
subgroup (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively), with a median of
719.5µm<sub>2</sub> (498.15-1106.0µm<sub>2</sub>) in comparison to 537.0µm<sub>2</sub> (355.70-792.76µm<sub>2</sub>) and 533.3µm<sub>2</sub> (383.78-774.32µm<sub>2</sub>)
medians from CG and EE1 subgroup, respectively. In contrast, no
statistical differences were found in TA CSA between EE1 subgroup and CG
(Figure 3).</p><p><strong>Muscle fibers nuclei position outcomes</strong></p><p>As can be seen in Figure 4, the EE3 subgroup shown a significant
increase of muscle fibers with central nuclei position in comparison to
EE1 subgroup (p<0.001), with a median of 2.4%(0.00-5.13%) relatively
to 0.0% (0.00-1.33%) from EE1 group. However, EE3 and EE1 subgroups did
not exhibit statistical differences comparatively to 0.0% (0.00-1.76%)
of CG (Figure 4).</p><p><strong>Figure 4:</strong> Representative light micrographs of soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise
subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with hematoxylin & eosin, are depicted in
a. The central nuclei are indicated by the yellow arrows. The boxplot graphic presents the median value with 25 and
75 percentiles of muscle fibers with central nuclei for the CG and each exercised subgroup. #p<0.001 vs. EE1.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G004.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G004.png" title="Click here to view Large image 4" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>In Figure 5 it is possible to observe the data referring to nuclei
position of TA. Although EE3 subgroup presented a median of 0.0%
(0.00-2.07%) comparatively to 0.7% (0.00-1.33%) from CG and 0.7%
(0.00-1.22%) from EE1 subgroup, no significant differences were detected
from the comparison among groups (Figure 5).</p><p><strong>Figure 5:</strong> Representative light micrographs of tibialis anterior muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric
exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with hematoxylin & eosin, are
depicted in a. The boxplot graphic presented in b shows the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of muscles
fibers with central nuclei for the CG and each exercised subgroup.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G005.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G005.png" title="Click here to view Large image 5" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Muscular damage outcomes</strong></p><p>Through Table 2, it is possible to note that there were significant
differences in some muscular damage parameters of the SOL muscle.
Namely, the EE1 and EE3 subgroups presented a significant increase
(p<0.001) in IA, N, CD and TD comparatively to CG. On the contrary,
EE3 subgroup exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.001) of IA, N and
TD when compared to EE1 subgroup. No statistical differences were found
among groups in TO parameter (Table 2).</p><p><strong>Table 2:</strong> Muscular damage in soleus muscle. The results are presented as median (P25-P75) of control group (CG),
1-week eccentric exercise(EE1) and 3-weeks eccentric exercise (EE3) subgroups.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T002.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T002.png" title="Click here to view Large table 2" width="70%" /></a></center><p>* p<0.001 vs. CG; † p<0.001 vs. EE1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>As we noted in Table 3, EE3 subgroup demonstrated significant IA, N
and TD increases (p<0.0001) comparatively to CG and EE1 subgroup.
Further, EE1 subgroup shown bigger CD and TD scores (p<0.0001 and
p<0.001, respectively) than CG. Finally, EE3 subgroup also exhibited a
significant CD increase (p<0.0001) in comparison to CG. No
statistical differences were found among groups in TO parameter (Table
3).</p><p><strong>Table 3:</strong> Muscular damage in tibialis anterior muscle. The results are presented as median and percentiles (P25-P75)
of control group (CG), 1-weekeccentric exercise (EE1) and 3-weeks eccentric exercise (EE3) subgroups.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T003.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/table/RISM.000635.T003.png" title="Click here to view Large table 3" width="70%" /></a></center><p>* p<0.001 vs. CG; † p<0.001vs. EE1.</p><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p><strong>Collagen outcomes</strong></p><p>According Figure 6, there were significant CC differences in
exercised groups. The EE1 subgroup (10.1±2.30%) and EE3 subgroup
(9.7±1.64%) shown a significant increase in SOL collagen content
(p<0.0001) comparatively to CG (6.1±1.51%). Although, no significant
difference was observed between groups EE1 and EE3 subgroups, it is
important to note a trend towards a collagen content decrease in animals
with 3-weeks of eccentric exercise (Figure 6).</p><p><strong>Figure 6:</strong> Representative light micrographs of soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise
subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Picrosirius Red, are depicted in a. The
mean value with standard deviation of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue
collagen content, are shown in b.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G006.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G006.png" title="Click here to view Large image 6" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>Based on analysis of Figure 7, it is possible to observe no
statistical differences in both exercise groups related to collagen
area. Although EE1 subgroup (12.2±3.9%) presented an increase in TA
collagen content in comparison to CG (9.3±2.35%), this increase is not
significant. In turn, despite EE3 subgroup (9.7±3.30%) demonstrated a
collagen deposition decrease when compared to the EE1 subgroup, no
significant differences were noted (Figure 7).</p><p><strong>Figure 7:</strong> Representative light micrographs of tibialis anterior muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric
exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Picrosirius Red, are depicted
in a. The mean value with standard deviation of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative
of tissue collagen content, are shown in b.</p><center><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G007.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/images/RISM.000635.G007.png" title="Click here to view Large image 7" width="60%" /></a></center><p><a class="attribute-value">
<br />
</a></p><p>The obtained results do not support our working hypothesis since any
signal of overtraining was found although the effectiveness of PE
protocol to induce early and mid-term structural alterations either in
SOL and TA muscles. Even though the training protocol presented all the
characteristics to induce an overtraining syndrome, such as a large
percentage of eccentric contractions, a high running speed and short
periods of rest between exercises, the exercised group showed no signs
of OTS. Of note that the adoption of a protocol with negative slope in
our study is justified by the greater eccentric work performed during
the running, causing a greater mechanical effort due to the distribution
of the mechanical stress by a smaller number of muscular fibers and,
consequently, having a greater injurious role [24,25]. Indeed, at the
end of the first week, a significant decrease in BW was observed,
suggesting a training protocol negative impact; however this decrease
was not accompanied by any alteration in the other OTS criteria
evaluated. This initial weight loss in the exercised group could be
explained by increased energy expenditure and proteolysis under
persistent workloads [26] since no diet uptake changes were registered.</p><p>Furthermore, at the end of the third week, a total BW recovery was
reported to similar levels of the control group, along with maintenance
of the remaining parameters of OTS at normal levels. Indeed, despite the
high mechanical and metabolic demands imposed, the animals were able to
maintain motor performance throughout the experiment, showing no sign
of nasal bleeding or abnormality in their normal behavior, nor
manifesting significant changes in the food intake evolution or in their
hair appearance. Although the existence of a negative impact on body
weight at the first week, these results support that the imposed
training protocol did not induce signs of OTS in these three weeks.
Although the training program implemented did not provoke signs of OTS,
it was able to induce severe muscle damage in both muscles at the end of
the 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>week, confirming evidence already
presented in literature using similar methodologies [27,28]. However,
the studied muscles behavior to exercise-induced muscle damage was
different. It must be highlighted that the selection of the evaluated
muscles in our experimental design was associated with the type of
action they perform during the running protocol. The results showed that
SOL muscle presented a greater damage than TA muscle throughout the
study, visible by the amount of cell degeneration and tissue necrosis,
accompanied by the elevation of inflammatory response. Nevertheless, at
the end of the third week, though the muscle damage rates remained high
in SOL, there were signs of injury reduction when compared to the first
week.</p><p>On the other hand, despite a lower lesion score than the SOL muscle,
the TA muscle showed worsening signs of muscle damage at the end of the
experiment, observable through the levels of cell degeneration and
necrosis associated with an intensification of inflammatory process.
While the TA muscle showed a continuous increase of muscle damage
throughout the study, the SOL muscle expressed at the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> week a slight decrease of this damage compared to the 1<sup>st </sup>week.
These differences observed in the muscle damage responses to the
training protocol in the studied muscles can be explained by the
different types of muscle contraction performed during exercise as well
as by the different muscle fibers type composition [29,30]. Effectively,
during the running realized in negative slope there is a greater
eccentric work in the active muscles comparatively to the horizontal
slope [31]. Nevertheless, comparing the two muscles in the negative
slope, the SOL performed a higher eccentric work than the TA, which
justifies its greater damage [32].</p><p>Besides that, the SOL muscle is more trained and prepared for this
type of eccentric work than the TA muscle as a result of his daily
action, which may explain the differences in the responses of both
muscles over time [33]. Additionally, the fact that TA muscle has a
predominance of fast-twitch fibers compared to the SOL muscle may
explain the progressive worsening of muscle damage signs obtained in
this muscle, because these type of fibers appear to be more susceptible
to problems in excitation-contraction coupling than slow-twitch fibers,
promoting a greater muscle damage degree [30,34].On the other hand, the
results demonstrate that, despite the high demand of the training
protocol, both muscles presented phenotypic signs of favorable
adaptations to training load, which may contribute to explain the
absence of OTS signs.</p><p>Indeed, the SOL muscle showed signs of tissue repair, namely not only
by the healing process, observed by the increase in collagen content,
but also trough the regenerative process characterized by an increased
number of centralized nuclei in the muscle fibers. The increased
collagen content is important to change the mechanical properties of the
skeletal muscle, improving the mechanical forces distribution and
decreasing the susceptibility to mechanical stress and damage [34].
Further, during the muscle regenerative process following injury, the
satellite cells activation with consequent fusion to the existing fibers
promotes an increased number of centralized nuclei, which subsequently
explains the significant increase in the cross-sectional area that the
SOL muscle exhibited throughout the study [35,36]. The increased CSA
facilitates the dissipation and distribution of the mechanical stress
exerted, improving the tolerance of muscular fibers to mechanic stress
overload [37]. In contrast, despite the continuous increase of muscle
damage in the TA muscle, it is also possible to observe signs of
favourable muscle adaptation, through the increase of the
cross-sectional area at the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> week compared to the 1<sup>st</sup> week.</p><p>Although our study aims to verify the relationship between chronic
muscle damage induced by demanding exercise training and OTS in SOL and
TA of Wistar rats, the duration of the protocol as well as the lack of
biochemical and functional evaluations may be considered limitations of
our study. Indeed, the duration of the protocol was determined in order
to observe the evolution of muscle damage and the OTS signs in the
short-term (1<sup>st</sup> week) and medium-term (3<sup>rd </sup>weeks)
after the beginning of the training protocol. Nevertheless, although the
absence of OTS signs during this period, the experimental protocol does
not guarantee the absence of OTS with a prolonged period of physical
training. Additionally, it might be argued that the 2 weeks age
difference at the time of sacrifice in the exercise subgroups may bias
the results due to the occurrence of sexual maturation in the EE3
subgroup. However, Wistar rats reach sexual maturity only after 8-10
weeks of age [38-40] and therefore both exercised subgroups are sexually
immature. Moreover, the use of a single control group with 7-weeks old
could be seen as a limiting factor to control of EE1 sub-group. Indeed,
it must be reinforced that this control group just controls the EE3
sub-group because the EE1subgroup just intents to show an evolutionary
stage, allowing observing the evolution of the parameters evaluated in
EE3 subgroup.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>It was expected that both muscles did not show tolerance to the
continuous increase of the training demand, however despite the
occurrence of muscle damage, no OTS signs were observed in the
first three weeks. Contrary to what is believed, the results found
in this study do not support the concept that the great amount of
persistent muscular damage is associated with the overtraining
syndrome signs in the short and medium-term. Furthermore, the
results support the idea that in the absence of OTS signals, the
muscle damage seems to occur simultaneously with the increase
of adaptive signals. Finally, our results showed different muscle
damage behaviors according to the type of work that each muscle
performs, questioning the use of systemic markers of muscle
damage as reliable methods to study the relationship between
skeletal muscle damage and OTS.</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value">
</a><a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
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<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23930179">Sengupta P (2013) The laboratory rat: relating its age with human's. Int J Prev Med 4(6):624.</a></li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/fulltext/RISM.000635.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/fulltext/RISM.000635.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Journal of Sports Medicine</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/rism/</a></span></div></div>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8398915997266808299.post-67175293990369108172022-07-14T05:02:00.004-07:002022-07-14T05:02:44.673-07:00Social Accounting vs Aging and Gerontology in Developing World_Crimson Publishers<p>Social Accounting vs Aging and Gerontology in
Developing World by Florin Gaiseanu in Gerontology & Geriatrics Studies_<a class="attribute-value">gerontology and geriatrics journals</a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8mMISsxx7pagVm-elEZloOyjXa53egJII-Nkb-v70gprGXpkQvE-_qfjdeyXr9waR8PfiOB6aSEe2N0c5himW5UfziM2v_CsEe3mOrVwA3wEfn1H4n24FEZbYx4gmkbgc5F7YMPU_w8b5iGfW2rS9JxJk5cmFrgAmsy8nRNvdaY8S1fyHG_Uf6agiFg/s1333/Gerontology%20&%20Geriatrics%20studies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8mMISsxx7pagVm-elEZloOyjXa53egJII-Nkb-v70gprGXpkQvE-_qfjdeyXr9waR8PfiOB6aSEe2N0c5himW5UfziM2v_CsEe3mOrVwA3wEfn1H4n24FEZbYx4gmkbgc5F7YMPU_w8b5iGfW2rS9JxJk5cmFrgAmsy8nRNvdaY8S1fyHG_Uf6agiFg/s320/Gerontology%20&%20Geriatrics%20studies.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h4>Abstract</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="abstract-div"><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div>
<p>The article explores how healthy aging is derived from other factors such as suitable food, medications and
environmental conditions. Such conditions could be provided through the practice of social accounting.
The ever-changing conditions of the current times could be better fixed up, if the increasing aging people
can remain in a healthy condition. Sociologically speaking, planners and policy makers must know that
human behavior does not remain stable, instead, due to change in human wants and aspirations, social
accounting must be applied from different angles. However, adopting healthy habits and behaviors,
staying involved in one’s community, using preventive services, managing health conditions, and having
access to all sources of medications can contribute to a productive and meaningful life in old age. Similarly,
gerontology or the study of aging from social, psychological, biological and cognitive viewpoints is a part
of the current brief study.</p>
<p><b>Keywords:</b> <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/">Healthy aging</a>; Social accounting; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/">Policymakers</a>; Healthy habits; <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/">Gerontology</a>; Economic
health; Vulnerability; Food needs; Social management</p>
</div><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>The aim of the present research is to represent the role of social accounting as an umbrella
including demographic, social, cultural and environmental indicators/variables which bring
about healthy in developing countries. In the meantime, efficient management would be
possible and attainable under the conditions of ageing in any country. While the three social,
cultural and environmental variables are a triangle being faced by the developing countries
today, the quality and quantity of population also play an important and determining role,
and shortage of which contributes to socio-economic vulnerabilities, smuggling and drug
addiction among a large number of people in those countries. The variables have also a pivotal
role in accessing a healthy economic system.</p><h4>Population Growth vs Healthy Aging</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Social accounting can play a determining role in population planning. Population growth
rate has largely affected population structure in recent decades in the developing countries; a
phenomenon leading to young population structure. While about 83% of the world population
is residing in the developing world (WPDS, 2018), social accounting is minimally associated
with that, and that has resulted in increasing social abnormalities for those countries, leaving
behind unemployment, poverty, unbridled migration, increasing deviances, increasing
drug abuse etc. The current situation has caused 28% of population in the developing
world remaining below 15 years of age. Such a scenario will encounter the countries of the
developing world with a large bulk of unemployed youth in search of food and jobs in the
years to come. However, the current situation is leading many developing countries to delayed
marriages culminating in lower fertility within the youth of below 35 years of age [1]. Because
of failures of social accounting, many developing countries are surprisingly facing young
populations whom cannot be easily fed and employed. Appropriate actions must usually be
notified through social accounting, and that includes economic and industrial investments
versus those newly born. Under such circumstances many of those born in 1980s and beyond
are in poverty conditions in developing world. The scenario means that there is not economic
independence and hiring opportunities for such people. The present circumstances as a
motivation, moves the youth towards anti-social behaviors. Though the family institution in
some countries like Iran tries to support such young unemployed youth, yet they are pulled
toward drug addiction.</p><p>Therefore, to modify the existing situation, and control its
continuity for the years to come, population growth rate must be
checked, and a coordination between population growth rate and
creation of job opportunities need to be maintained. If that is not
practiced, the youth should expect further deviations in the future.
According to a socio-economic and demographic view, for every 1%
of population growth, there should be 4% economic growth. Such a
balance helps in not having unemployment and other dilemmas [2].</p><p>Though some developing countries have had declining
population growth rates in recent years, yet the volume of young
population has remained the same, and even some added to it (15+)
every year. These youth potentially vulnerable, seriously need
social accounting to be less jeopardizing the economy. However,
an increasing number of the Third World countries are facing such
a scenario. Hence, backgrounds for smuggling, human trafficking
and the like are hereby set. Thus, to reach a healthy economy, the
destructive factors must be controlled, and eliminated. It must also
be notified that the culture of drug deals could not be rooted out
overnight. Sociologically speaking, social accounting based on the
current parameters would be a turning point to reach a healthy
aging with food accessibility. It is worth mentioning that along with
the population policies, minding gerontology, other cultural, social
and environmental policies should be considered. Such a strategy
could eventually help in attaining a healthy aging to operate.</p><h4>Method of Research</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Methodology used in the present abridged article is of
qualitative type. In that, various paradigms have been used for
fact finding. The method applied in the present study, searched the
needs in their natural settings. In fact, finding for the research, the
researcher engaged in a careful collection of data in a thoughtful
manner, and what was in need and relevant, was analyzed. The
documentary research applied for data collection includes printed
and written materials which were widely regarded. The research
being a qualitative library type, in that, the researcher had to refer to
relevant and related sources; such as books, journals and statistical
resources in a thorough way to access the needful information. As a
naturalistic inquiry, the researcher could almost reach an in-depth
understanding of some social phenomena which could help other
social researchers and thinkers in the future as well.</p><h4>Sustenance of Healthy aging</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Sustaining a healthy aging is only possible if housing, food,
household budget and education are provided. Under such an
atmosphere social management could suitably be fulfilled [3].
This is also worth mentioning that the developed countries also
reach economic health through variables such as safety, discipline
and social accounting. The system of healthy aging could only be
applicable under the conditions/standards of enough food and
housing for all classes of people [4]. To attain the pre-planned
objectives, enough investment in terms of place and time need to
be applied. Many of the developing countries of the world have put into
practice the necessary infrastructural indices so that they
could reach the status of a healthy aging.</p><h4>Healthy Economy vs Development</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Social, environmental and cultural factors all have an effective
impact on a healthy economy, an integration of all could lead to a
healthy society. Similarly, healthy economy could be counted as a
guardian of development in general. Hence, economic plans, and
further economic growth, and also a condition in which social
capital is crystallized, each as agents of healthy economy, play role.
In the meantime, creation of a safe environment will be attainable
in a society, through the preservation of health in a society [5].
Similarly, accessing appropriate cultural backgrounds, or in other
words, reformation of cultural and artistic structure in a society
plays as the guardian of health system.</p><h4>Vulnerability of Environment</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Increasing number of urban areas in Africa, Asia and Latin
America, as a result of their rapid population growth, poor and
weak social accounting, and their deteriorating socio-economic
conditions, are encountering increasing vulnerabilities. These
countries have been facing extensive migrations. Such interactions
have had social, economic and cultural impacts on these societies
including destructive, negative environmental and social pollution,
in addition to food shortage. As compared with developed societies,
they are prone to a large number of vulnerabilities. The objective
outcome of which has influenced different social groups of people
in various aspects. Therefore, social accounting of environment
will bridge the societies to social health. Such countries are
constantly facing migrants to cities who encounter shortage of
necessary goods and services food. Therefore, applied sociology
through social accounting must be used to study the present
and future generations with a focus on their needs [6]. Similarly,
social accounting could highly affect healthy aging and better
gerontological conditions, of the increasing Aging People with
special reference to the developing countries.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p>Social accounting challenges conventional accounting and is
designed to support and facilitate the pursuit a country’s objectives.
Such objectives can be manifold but can typically be described in
terms of social and environmental desirability and sustainability,
food accessibility etc. [7,8].</p><h4>References</h4><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><div class="dropdown go pull-right">
</div><p><a class="attribute-value"></a><a class="pm" id="Abstract">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Objectives">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Population Growth vs Healthy Aging">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Method of Research">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Sustenance of Healthy aging">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Healthy Economy vs Development">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Vulnerability of Environment">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="Conclusion">
</a>
<a class="pm" id="References">
</a>
</p><ol>
<li class="ref"><a href="http://www.fertilitytoday.org/fertility_law_ethics.html">Mellisa B (2017) Fertility Law and Ethics. Fertility Today, USA.</a></li>
<li class="ref">Sheykhi, Mohammad T (2001) Economic and social demography. In: Shekate Sahamie Enteshar, (2<sup>nd</sup> edn), Tehran, Iran.</li>
<li class="ref">Hobbs M (2002) Growing a healthy environment. Bulletin on Healthy Economy, New Zealand.</li>
<li class="ref">Charles W (2008) Healthy economy requires moral restraints. Newsweek.</li>
<li class="ref">Ruhm CJ (2006) NBER, Working Paper. Bulletin on Aging and Health, North Carolina.</li>
<li class="ref">Mohammad TS (2016) Sociology of environment. Harir Publications, Tehran, Iran.</li>
<li class="ref">(2019) Social Accounting.</li>
<li class="ref">World Population Data Sheet (2018) Population reference bureau, United Nations, New York, USA.</li></ol><div><a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/fulltext/GGS.000605.php">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/fulltext/GGS.000605.php</a></div><div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;">Publishers: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8398915997266808299/6793445449194289520"><span style="color: blue;">https://crimsonpublishers.com/</span></a></span></div><div><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-align: justify;">For mo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: justify;">re articles in<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>gerontology and geriatrics journals</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please click on below link: <a href="https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/">https://crimsonpublishers.com/ggs/</a></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></div></div><strong class="color-blue"></strong>crimsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05135821787193540344noreply@blogger.com0