The Role of Major Hormones in Metabolic Adaptation of Farm Animals by Tewodros Alemneh* in Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences_ The Journal of Poultry Science
Introduction
Animals
possess various inherent mechanisms to cope up with the changing environmental
conditions. It has been observed that the ability of animals to adjust with
these climatic extremes is related to their level of adaptation and this is
inversely correlated with their production potential. Stress tolerance in
livestock is determined through various mechanisms and metabolic neuroendocrine
regulation is one of the crucial pathways by which the animal survives the
stressful condition. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis plays a
significant role in the release of several neurotransmitters and hormones which
regulates the thermoregulatory mechanisms in animals. The
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and
Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) are the components of metabolic pathway in
regulating body heat production. Thyroid hormones are recognized as the key
regulators of metabolic activity in domestic animals. Further, leptin secreted
from adipocytes also has a great influence in regulating whole body energy
metabolism and may be attributed as a “metabolism modifier”. The release of cortisol
stimulates physiological and metabolic responses necessary to optimize the
animal capacity to overcome a stressful factor by increasing the energy
availability by decrease of cortisol levels. Generally, thyroid hormones, cortisol and
leptin are considered to be important biological markers of neuroendocrine
pathways for the regulation of metabolic adaptation mechanisms during stress in
livestock
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