A Rational and Scientific Explanation for Metempsychosis by Seun Ayoade* in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology_ Textile Science Engineering Journal
Abstract
Oil spills happen in the sea and land, causing
serious damages to the environment. Crude oil is a mixture of gas, naphtha,
kerosene, and residuals, which cause health hazards if consumed by any life
forms or when it is accidentally spilled. Spills of very low quantities to more
than a million gallons of oils have been reported in the past, whose impacts
are still evident to various elements associated in those environments. Many anthropogenic reasons including
offshore drilling and production operations, oil spills from ships / tankers
and natural seeps are the major sources of oil spills.
Oil spills at sea are generally much more
damaging than those on land, since they can spread hundreds of nautical miles
in a thin continuous oil slick, which can also cover beaches with a coating of
oil. The direction of wind, difficult to predict in the oceans, which can move
relatively longer distance, is the major concern and in turn extends the extent
of problems faced in remedial measures. Though it is often difficult to
estimate the quantity of spill exactly, by observing the thickness of the film
of oil and its appearance on the surface of the water, it is possible to
estimate the quantity of oil spilled. If the surface area of the spill is also
known, the total volume of the oil can be calculated, to a larger extent.
Oil spills may impact the environment in terms
of physical smothering of organisms, chemical toxicity, ecological changes and
many other indirect effects. As the oil on the sea surface evaporates,
different organic compounds enter the air from the oil slick. Oil spills kill
marine mammals such as whales, dolphins by clogging their blowholes, making
difficult for them to breathe properly. Oil destroys the insulating ability and
water repellency of fur-bearing mammals, thus exposing these creatures to the
harsh conditions. Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold
conditions, birds and mammals die from hypothermia. Larval fish, plankton, seaweed,
mussels, oysters, turtles, algae, and fish, are all considerably affected by
the oil spill in the marine
environment. Oil also clogs up the gills of the fish that live there and
suffocates them. Common problems observed among the nearby habitats include behavioral
changes, blindness, damages to internal organs, spread among the habitats,
sores and stress. Losing tons of oil, which is not only a natural source of
energy but also a depleting source, has a severe impact on a country’s economy
that leads to severe setback. Prevention measures are focused to avoid the
release of oils into the environment and also based upon early warning and
provide details about the breadth of oil slick, popularly known as ‘hot spots’
to initiate clean-up processes.
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