Crimson Publishers Impact Factor
The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic
journal is a scientometric index that reflects the yearly average number
of citations that
recent articles published in a given journal received. It is frequently used as
a proxy for the relative importance of a journal
within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be
more important than those with lower ones.
The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a
certain field. The Web of Science indexes more than 11,500 science
and social science journals.
Journal
impact factors are often used to evaluate the merit of individual articles and
individual researchers.] This
particular use of impact factors was summarised by Hoeffel:
Impact Factor is not a perfect tool to measure the quality of
articles but there is nothing better and it has the advantage of already being
in existence and is, therefore, a good technique for scientific evaluation.
Experience has shown that in each specialty the best journals are those in
which it is most difficult to have an article accepted, and these are the
journals that have a high impact factor. Most of these journals existed long
before the impact factor was devised. The use of impact factor as a measure of
quality is widespread because it fits well with the opinion we have in each
field of the best journals in our specialty.
...
In conclusion, prestigious journals publish papers of high
level. Therefore, their impact factor is high, and not the contrary.
As
impact factors is a journal-level metric, rather than an article or individual
level metric, this use is controversial. Garfield agrees with Hoeffel, but
warns about the "misuse in evaluating individuals" because there is
"a wide variation [of citations] from article to article within a single
journal
Validity as a measure of
importance
It has been stated that impact factors and citation analysis in
general are affected by field-dependent factors which may invalidate
comparisons not only across disciplines but even within different fields of
research of one discipline. The percentage of total citations occurring in
the first two years after publication also varies highly among disciplines from
1–3% in the mathematical and physical sciences to 5–8% in the biological
sciences. Thus impact factors cannot be used to compare journals across
disciplines.
Because citation counts have highly skewed distributions, the
mean number of citations is potentially misleading if used to gauge the typical
impact of articles in the journal rather than the overall impact of the journal
itself. For example, about 90% of Nature's 2004 impact factor
was based on only a quarter of its publications, and thus the actual number of
citations for a single article in the journal is in most cases much lower than
the mean number of citations across articles. Furthermore, the strength of
the relationship between impact factors of journals and the citation rates of
the papers therein has been steadily decreasing since articles began to be
available digitally.
Indeed, impact factors are sometimes used to evaluate not only
the journals but the papers therein, thereby devaluing papers in certain
subjects. The Higher
Education Funding Council for England was urged by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee to remind Research Assessment Exercise panels that they are obliged to assess
the quality of the content of individual articles, not the reputation of the
journal in which they are published.[33] The effect of outliers can be seen in the case of the
article "A short history of SHELX", which included this sentence:
"This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more
of the open-source SHELX programs (and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL) are
employed in the course of a crystal-structure determination". This article
received more than 6,600 citations. As a consequence, the impact factor of the
journal Acta
Crystallographica Section A rose from 2.051 in 2008 to 49.926 in
2009, more than Nature and Science .The second-most cited article in Acta
Crystallographica Section A in 2008 only had 28 citations. Also,
impact factor is a journal metric and should not be used to assess individual
researchers or institutions.
Journal rankings constructed based solely on impact factors only
moderately correlate with those compiled from the results of expert surveys.
A.E. Cawkell, former Director of Research at the Institute for
Scientific Information remarked that
the Science Citation Index (SCI), on which the impact factor is
based, "would work perfectly if every author meticulously cited only the
earlier work related to his theme; if it covered every scientific journal
published anywhere in the world; and if it were free from economic constraints.
Editorial policies that
affect the impact factor
See also: Conflicts of interest
in academic publishing § COIs of journals
A journal can adopt editorial policies to increase its impact
factor. For example, journals may publish a larger percentage of review articles which generally are cited more than research reports.[4] Thus review articles can raise the impact factor of the
journal and review journals will therefore often have the highest impact factors
in their respective fields.] Some journal editors set their submissions policy to
"by invitation only" to invite exclusively senior scientists to
publish "citable" papers to increase the journal impact factor.
Journals may also attempt to limit the number of "citable
items"—i.e., the denominator of the impact factor equation—either by declining
to publish articles that are unlikely to be cited (such as case reports in
medical journals) or by altering articles (e.g., by not allowing an abstract or bibliography in
hopes that Journal Citation Reports will not deem it a "citable
item"). As a result of negotiations over whether items are
"citable", impact factor variations of more than 300% have been
observed. Items considered to be uncitable—and thus are not incorporated
in impact factor calculations—can, if cited, still enter into the numerator
part of the equation despite the ease with which such citations could be
excluded. This effect is hard to evaluate, for the distinction between
editorial comment and short original articles is not always obvious. For
example, letters to the editor may refer to either class.
Another less insidious tactic journals employ is to publish a
large portion of its papers, or at least the papers expected to be highly
cited, early in the calendar year. This gives those papers more time to gather
citations. Several methods, not necessarily with nefarious intent, exist for a
journal to cite articles in the same journal which will increase the journal's
impact factor.
Beyond editorial policies that may skew the impact factor,
journals can take overt steps to game the system. For example, in 2007, the
specialist journal Folia Phoniatrica et
Logopaedica, with an impact
factor of 0.66, published an editorial that cited all its articles from 2005 to
2006 in a protest against the "absurd scientific situation in some
countries" related to use of the impact factor. The large number of
citations meant that the impact factor for that journal increased to 1.44. As a
result of the increase, the journal was not included in the 2008 and 2009 Journal
Citation Reports.
Coercive citation is a practice in which an editor forces an author to add
extraneous citations to an article before the journal will agree to publish it,
in order to inflate the journal's impact factor. A survey published in 2012
indicates that coercive citation has been experienced by one in five
researchers working in economics, sociology, psychology, and multiple business
disciplines, and it is more common in business and in journals with a lower
impact factor. However, cases of coercive citation have occasionally been
reported for other disciplines.
Responses
Because "the impact factor is not always a reliable
instrument", in November 2007 the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) issued an official statement
recommending "that journal impact factors are used only—and cautiously—for
measuring and comparing the influence of entire journals, but not for the
assessment of single papers, and certainly not for the assessment of researchers
or research programmes".
In July 2008, the International Council for Science (ICSU) Committee on Freedom and
Responsibility in the Conduct of Science (CFRS) issued a "statement on
publication practices and indices and the role of peer review in research assessment", suggesting many possible
solutions—e.g., considering a limit number of publications per year to be taken
into consideration for each scientist, or even penalising scientists for an
excessive number of publications per year—e.g., more than 20.
In February 2010, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) published
new guidelines to evaluate only articles and no bibliometric information on candidates to be
evaluated in all decisions concerning "performance-based funding
allocations, postdoctoral qualifications, appointments, or reviewing funding
proposals, [where] increasing importance has been given to numerical indicators
such as the h-index and the impact factor". This
decision follows similar ones of the National Science Foundation (US) and the Research Assessment
Exercise (UK).
In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of
journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves,
the American
Society for Cell Biology together with a
group of editors and publishers of scholarly journals created the San Francisco
Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA). Released in May 2013, DORA has garnered support
from thousands of individuals and hundreds of institutions, including in
March 2015 the League of European Research Universities (a consortium of 21 of
the most renowned research universities in Europe), who have endorsed the
document on the DORA website.
Crimson Publishers Cosmos Impact
Factor
Archaeology & anthropology is an international open
access journal and forum for the publication of peer-reviewed original articles
that synthesize the prehistory of an area of a time-horizon within a larger region,
or describe technical advances of wide and general applications. AAOA provides
in-depth, thoughtful development of data and concepts that are accessible to
all archaeologists. The journal primarily focuses on prehistory, including the
beginnings and early development of complex societies. AAOA is dedicated to
publishing papers on humankind, encompassing the full range of anthropological
consequences on human cultures and on other primate species. AAOA presents the
results of research that include methodological and theoretical interface
between archaeology and the anthropology. AAOA includes works that focus on
understanding archaeological sites, their environmental context and
particularly site formation processes about the analysis of sedimentary records
that enhance our understanding of human activity in quaternary environments
within its scope.
Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine is an
multidisciplinary journal which publishes original peer reviewed articles that
complement or replace conventional therapies, with a specific emphasis on
research that explores the biological mechanism of action, safety, efficacy,
etc. ACAM authors to send papers that make substantial and scholarly
contributions to the area of complementary medicine research. ACAM highlights
scientific understanding of traditional medicine therapies, complementary &
alternative medicine and their responsible integration with conventional health
care. ACAM helps to spread innovative and expert findings in the fields of
phytopharmacology and phytotoxicology as a reference source for researchers in
these fields, with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
ACAM journal comprises of research results on phytotherapy (clinical trials),
pharmacognosy, phytopharmacology, phytotoxicology and the standardization that
has been obtained.
Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics is an
international open access journal that seeks new bio statistical models and
methods, new statistical theory, as well as original applications of
statistical methods, for important practical problems arising from the
biological, medical, public health, and agricultural sciences. It also focuses
on highest quality scientific papers and review articles of interest to
academic and industrial researchers. It is intended that the journal cover the
entire range of biostatistics, from theoretical advances to relevant and
sensible translations of a practical problem into a statistical framework,
including advances in bio statistical computing. Its main spotlight is on new
developments in genome bioinformatics and computational biology. OABB also
allows for data and software code to be appended, and opens the door for
reproducible research allowing readers to easily replicate analysis described
in papers. It gladly accepts original research papers, review articles, mini-
reviews, short communication, opinions, letters to editors etc.
Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences is an open
access international journal which provides original articles in the major
fields of bioengineering and bioscience in addition with technical reports on
methods and technology, rapid communications, etc. The major aim of SBB is to
provide integrated approaches to the solutions of biological and biomedical
problems. The primary motto of this journal is to provide engineering
approaches to enhance the power of the scientific method and maintain a balance
between experimental observation and quantitative analyses. The primary focus
of the journal is the synthesis of materials science, biology and clinical
practice and also publishes reports of scientific investigations and
theoretical articles concerned with the practical application of materials in
medical devices. SBB cover advances in the emergent field of biomedical
technology, new engineering methods into public health, instrumentation,
improvement of diagnosis, improvement of therapy and administration.
Reproductive Health is an international peer-reviewed, open
access journal spotlighting on all the aspects of human reproduction.
Reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and social
well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of
life. PRM adds knowledge about affordable, effective, safe and acceptable
methods of family planning and appropriate health-care services that enable
women to go through pregnancy and childbirth safely. Reproduction publishes
original research articles and topical reviews on the subject of reproductive
biology. PRM focusses mainly on cellular and molecular biology of reproduction,
including the development of gametes and early embryos in all animal species
including humans and developmental processes such as cell differentiation,
morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models.
PRM Journal cordially accepts all original research papers, review articles,
short communications, mini-reviews, opinions, letter to editors, commentary,
etc.
An Intervention in Obesity & Diabetes is an online, open
access journal, committed to publishing research from all disciplines and
therapeutic areas. IOD delivers unvarnished, expert assessments of developments
from the previous years. IOD aspires to provide a platform for the
dissemination of information and discussion of topics related to diabetes and
obesity clinical research and the patient care. Obesity is most usually caused
by a combination of lack of physical activity,excessive food intake, and
genetic susceptibility. IOD is a platform for bariatric/metabolic surgeries,
which provides an interdisciplinary forum to communicate the latest research,
laparoscopic techniques, case studies and surgical procedure for the treatment
of massive obesity and metabolic diseases. Diabetes is caused due to the lack
of production of Insulin by the pancreas or due to the cells of the body not
responding properly towards the insulin produced. IOD journal publishes a
variety of contributions, including original articles, focused reviews and
rapid communications that include brief articles of particular interest and
apparent novelty.
The journal of Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science (AMMS)
is committed to publishing high quality and effective papers that provide
information to our readers. AMMS papers deal with both applied and theoretical
aspects of extractive and process metallurgy and mineral processing, current trends
in research and applications of mineral science, modern coal-forming processes,
separation and purification of minerals and metals, post-treatment of mineral
processing,aspects of the behavior of materials in corrosive environments,
corrosion testing and protection, coal mineralogy, scientific, engineering and
economic aspects of the extraction of minerals, stratigraphic, casting, forming
and machining, paleogeographic, paleoecologic, chemical and physical
constitution of minerals, processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
structure and the properties of inorganic materials. The journal forms a dais
for authors to distribute their knowledge all over the world without any
barriers. AMMS publishes all types of articles like research, reviews, case reports,
mini reviews, short communication, opinion, book reviews etc
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